SPAIN LOOKS WESTWARD GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION IN SPAIN THE SPANISH INQUISITION GOLD AND GLORY

GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION The people of Spain have a saying, “La geographia manda” which translates into “Geography controls everything” Spain’s location between Africa and Europe had a great influence on its religious history At the beginning of the Middle Ages, almost everyone in Spain, and in most of Europe, was Christian Spain was ruled by the Visgoths, a group which had invaded Spain from the north at the end of the Roman Empire A series of weak rulers and internal struggles left Spain vulnerable to outside attack

GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION In 711 a Muslim force led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and landed in Spain Within a few years, Muslims controlled nearly the entire Iberian peninsula As a symbol of their influence, a large mosque was built in the city of Cordoba Many Christians converted to Islam but some did not For the next five centuries Spain was part of a large Arab Islamic empire Goods and ideas were exchanged across areas from Spain, Egypt, Zanzibar and Indonesia

GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION Muslim rulers are rich merchants were patrons of the arts Islam discourages showings human beings, animals and other subjects realistically because it may lead to idolatry, the worshipping of idols Most Muslim works therefore features designs and written script qs&feature=fvwrel& qs&feature=fvwrel&

GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION Muhammad, the founder of Islam believed spreading his new religion was a sacred duty Learning was greatly valued in the Muslim society as a way of understanding the universe and leading an ethical life Muslim established the first university in Cairo in 971, over 200 years before the first university in Europe Cordoba, Seville and Granada became great learning centres in Muslim Spain Muslim scholars discussed and studied medicine and science

GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION By the early 1000s, the caliphate, the area of jurisdiction of Muslim rulers, began to decline in Spain When the Muslims had first arrived in Spain, they had limited the Christian controlled area to a narrow strip along the northern coast These areas began to expand southward The Reconquista began as a way for the Christian kingdoms to expand their power and influence Reconquista is a Spanish term that means reconquest

YEARACTION 1085Christian forces capture Toledo 1094“El Cid” takes Valencia 1137Union of Aragon and Catalonia 1142Lisbon taken by the Christians 1212Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa; defeat of Alomhads 1248Seville falls to Christians 1410Ferdinand, Regent of Castile, takes Antequera, becomes the King of Aragon 1469Marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella 1479Union of Castiule and Aragon 1492Capture of Grenada During the Reconquista, the Spanish developed new battle techniques making them the deadliest fighting force in Europe. They brought these techniques with them to the Americas.

CREATING A CHRISTIAN SPAIN King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella were so devoted to their religion that the Pope gave them a special title- Catholic Monarchs The Reconquista needed Christian crusaders from across Europe to help them regain control of Spanish territory from the Muslims By 1269, only Grenada remained in Muslim hands In January of 1492, after a ten year battle, it was regained by the Christians In an effort to unite Spain under one religion Ferdinand and Isabella took over the Spanish Inquisition from the Church & &

THE INQUISITION The Spanish Inquisition – a state run system of courts where Church officials put believers of religious ideas other than Catholicism on trial – t0c&feature=fvsr& t0c&feature=fvsr& – Monotheism – is a teaching of the Christian, Muslim and Jewish faiths that all teach the existence of one god Polytheism – cultures that believed in the existence of multiple gods

THE INQUISITION The Muslims and Jews were given a choice, convert or be exiled The expulsion had serious negative effects Many were members of the educated middle class making it difficult to maintain economic growth at the end of the 1400s

SAVING SOULS As the Muslims were removed from Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella knew they were spreading Islam throughout the Middle East They viewed this as a threat to Catholicism The Spanish royals began to believe they had a religious duty to spread the Catholic faith to as many converts as possible, both within and outside Spain It was a key reason in changing their support for the Columbus expedition to the New World Starting with Columbus all Spanish voyages brought missionaries with them Missionaries are people from religious orders who had the authority to teach and convert people to Catholicism

GOLD, GLORY AND COLUMBUS One of the key motivators of the day was the search for gold Gold allowed countries to buy ships and fund wars to take over other territories Due to the costs of fighting to rid Spain of non- Catholics, reserves of gold and silver were nearly depleted There were high hopes that Columbus's journey would bring back gold to strengthen the Spanish economy

GOLD, GLORY AND COLUMBUS When Columbus arrived he found only a small amount of gold on the island of Hispaniola The Spanish court concentrated on the news of gold, not the amount The King and Queen agreed to second voyage immediately It would be better supplied and supported than the first 4& 4&

FIRST VOYAGE OCTOBER 1492 SECOND VOYAGE September 1493 THE FLEET3 ships (Santa Maria, Nina, Pita) Q23Kxw 17 ships HIS COMPANY90 sailors2500 sailors, soldiers, missionaries, settlers HIS INSTRUCTIONSExploreSet up a colony on arrival, with a permanent settlement

GAINING PERSONAL WEALTH There was a large class of lower nobles called hidalgos This group had never owned land Due to the shortage of decent Spanish farmland, many were persuaded to become some of the first settlers to the Americas El Cid, Rodrigo Diaz de Vicar ( ), was a Christian knight who sometimes fought on the Muslim side It was thought he became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean He was the inspiration for the code of chivalry, which was designed to govern the behaviour of all Christian soldiers