Chapter 15 Government at Work: The Bureaucracy

Section 1: The Federal Bureaucracy Bureaucracy—large, complex administrative structure that handles the everyday business of an organization—“red tape” Principles Hierarchical authority Job specialization Formalized rules Purpose Organizes people to work together on large and complex tasks Reduces conflicts by clarifying power relationships Promotes efficiency through specialization Enables work to continue through changes of personnel

Structure Executive Office of the President Umbrella agency composed of several sub-agencies staffed by close advisors and assistants The White House Office of the Vice President Council of Economic Advisors Council on environmental Quality National Security Council Office of Administration Office of Management and Budget Office of National Drug Control Policy Office of Science and Technology Policy Office of the United States Trade Representatives 15 Cabinet Department

Many independent agencies Amtrak Central Intelligence Agency Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Consumer Product Safety Commission Farm Credit Administration Federal Communications Commission Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Election Commission Federal Reserve System Federal Trade Commission National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Endowment for the Arts National Labor Relations Board National Science Foundation National Transportation Safety Board Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Government Ethics Office of Personnel Management Peace Corps Securities and Exchange Commission Small Business Administration Social Security Administration Tennessee Valley Authority United States Postal Service

Section 2: Executive Office of the President AgencyFunction  White House Office  POTUS’s inner circle  Advises on foreign policy, defense, homeland security, the economy, and other areas  National Security Council  Advises POTUS on domestic, foreign, and military matters related to national security  Office of Management and Budget  Prepares federal budget  Monitors spending  Keeps POTUS up-to-date on work of all agencies  Office of National Drug Control Policy  Prepares national drug control strategy  Coordinates war on drugs  Council of Economic Advisors  Advises on state of nation’s economy  Helps prepare annual Economic Report  Office of Policy Development  Advises on domestic affairs  Council on Environmental Quality  Advises on environmental policy and in writing annual state of the environment report  Office of the Vice President  Supports duties of the VP  Office of United States Trade Representatives  Advises on foreign trade  Represents POTUS in foreign trade negotiations  Office of Science and Technology Policy  Advises on scientific, engineering, and other technological matters related to national policies and programs

Section 3: The Cabinet Departments Functions Lead departments Advise POTUS Members 14 department secretaries 1 attorney general Others as POTUS sees fit Often VP and some directors of the independent agencies

Structure Working units Regional agencies 15 departments Federalist Era (original 4) Department of State, 1789—John Kerry Department of the Treasury, 1789—Jacob Lew Department of Defense, 1789—Ashton B. Carter Department of Justice, 1789—Loretta Lynch Expansion Era Department of the Interior, 1849—Sally Jewell Department of Agriculture, 1889—Tom J. Valisack

Industrial Era Department of Commerce, 1903—Penny Pritzker Department of Labor. 1913—Thomas E. Perez Postwar Era Department of Health and Human Services, 1953—Sylvia Matthews Burwell Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1965—Julian Castro Department of Transportation, 1967—Anthony Foxx Department of Energy, 1977—Ernest Moniz Department of Education, 1979—Arne Duncan Department of Veterans Affairs, 1989—Robert McDonald 21 st Century Department of Homeland Security, 2002—Jeh Johnson

Section 4: Independent Agencies Executive Most non-Cabinet agencies Organized like Cabinet departments Executive bodies that administer programs for which they were created, such as NASA (space), OPM (civil services), and Service System (draft) Regulatory Not under POTUS control Monitor/police aspects of economy Headed by board of 5-7 members appointed by POTUS with Senate confirmation Terms of board members are long and staggered Have executive, legislative, and judicial powers Can make their own rules, enforce them, and regulate

Corporation Under POTUS control Carry out business-like activities Structured like a business Run by board of directors and general manager Produce income that folds back into the business POTUS selects top officials with Senate confirmation Financed by public funds