The main influences on Māori students’ achievement Te Kotahitanga The Narratives of Experience

Interviews-as-chat with … Year 9 and 10 Māori students in five secondary schools: Non-engaged Māori students Engaged Māori students Their whānau Their teachers Principals

Why use Narratives of Experience? Students’ experience and understandings: Can improve educational practice by providing teachers with an understanding of how students see the world (within school and in the community) Can help teachers make what they teach more accessible to students Can contribute to the ways teachers view teaching and use more collaborative processes Can make students feel more empowered in the classroom as active participants in the classroom planning Can motivate students to participate constructively in their education Can inform educational reform Can provide a means whereby students’ prior learning and cultural understandings can be brought into the classroom. (Bishop, & Glynn, 1999; Cook-Sather, 2002)

Cook-Sather, A. (2002). Authorizing students’ perspectives: Towards trust, dialogue, and change in education. Education Researcher, 31, (4), Bishop, R. & Glynn, T (1999). Culture counts: Changing power relations in education. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. For more information about Narratives of Experience

Positioning (Outside the school) Non agentic “I can’t do …” Māori students & communities (Within the classroom) Agentic “I can do…” Relationships (Within the school; outside the classroom) Non agentic “I can’t do …” Structures Analysis of unit ideas in the narratives identified that these teachers used three major discourses to explain Māori students’ educational achievement.

Where the discourses were positioned Discourses explaining Māori achievement: Students, Whānau, Principals and Teachers

What did the discourses sound like?

When you play up you get withdrawn from class. Yeah, you get sent out. Sometimes it’s not your fault, but you don’t get a chance to tell your side until you get to the deputy principal. So you tell your story and you are allowed back, but you’re shamed out. It’s stink. Some teachers pick on us Māori. Some teachers and kids are racist. Being Māori. They say bad things about us. We’re thick. We smell. Our uniforms are paru. They shame us in class. Put us down. Don’t even try to say our names properly. Say things about our whānau. They blame us for stealing when things go missing. Just ’cause we’re Māori. Discourses to do with being Māori

Discourses to do with engaging Māori students Don’t yell at kids. Don’t start thinking about what you are going to teach us when we walk in the room. Get prepared. Have a smile on your face. Look pleased to see us. Treat us respectfully. Look like you want to be here. Say hi to us as we come in. Have a joke with us. Don’t bawl us out. If you don’t like something we’re doing, tell us quietly. Just ‘cause we’re a C class don’t expect us to be dumb. We might be there because we were naughty at Intermediate. Don’t have us writing all the time and being quiet. Let us talk quietly to each other about what we’re doing. We know we have to be quiet sometimes – like tests.

I think they need to try and understand us and the way that we learn. Treat them equally. Treat them the same as the other students. They never even actually make an effort to understand our culture. They don’t try to understand where we are coming from. Make it easier for us to learn. Slow down sometimes ‘cause you don’t learn much when you go too fast. Cut down copying. We’d rather collaborate about the notes. You know, do them together so we can all understand.

What makes a difference for Māori students’ participation and educational achievement?

The Effective Teaching Profile Effective teachers of Māori students create a culturally appropriate and responsive context for learning in their classroom. In doing so they demonstrate the following: a)they positively reject deficit theorising as a means of explaining Māori students’ educational achievement levels, and b)they know and understand how to bring about change in Māori students’ educational achievement and are professionally committed to doing so in the following observable ways:

The Effective Teaching Profile Manaakitanga Teachers care for Māori students as culturally located individuals Mana motuhake Teachers care for the performance of Māori students Ngā whakapiringatanga Teachers create and maintain a secure, well-managed learning environment Wānanga Teachers engage in effective teaching interactions with Māori students as Māori Ako Teachers use a range of strategies that promote effective teaching and learning interactions and relationships with their Māori students Kotahitanga Teachers promote, monitor and reflect on learning outcomes which, in turn, leads to improvements in educational achievement for Māori students