Bone Tissue and The Axial Skeleton Lab 5 Activity 2 page 46 Lab 7 Activity 5 pages74-75 Lab 8 Activities 1-6 pages 81-90

Objectives Identify compact bone tissue on pictures and slides and relate compact bone structure to its location and function in the body Review overview of skeleton information regarding primary functions of skeletal system, gross structure of a typical long bone including differences among compact bone, cancellous bone and hematopoietic bone, and becoming familiar with terms used in describing bone markings Identify all the bones of the skull and their important markings using both diagrams and skull models Relate structure to function as each feature is located Compare the adult skull to the fetal skull and identify differences using models and pictures

Terms to Know Long bone structures Epiphysis Diaphysis Articular cartilage Spongy bone Epiphyseal plate/line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity Endosteum Red marrow Yellow marrow Perforating (Volkmann’s canal) Compact Bone/osseous tissue slide (see page 46) Osteon Lamella Central canal Lacuna/e (with osteocyte/s) Interstitial lamellae Canaliculus/canaliculi

Cancellous bone (spongy bone) and hematopoiti c bone marrow (red marrow)

Compact Bone Histology Central or Haversian canal-canal running parallel to long axis of the bone containing blood vessels and nerves Lacunae-chambers where osteocytes live in bone Osteocyte-mature bone cells Lamellae-bone layers, can be concentric, interstitial, or circumferencial Osteon or Haversian system-central canal and concentric lamellae Canaliculi-tiny canals running from central canal to lacunae connective osteocytes to nutrient supply Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal-canals that run from periosteum into compact bone perpendicular to long axis of the bone.

Gross Anatomy of Long Bones Epiphysis-end of long bone, cancellous bone inside, compact bone outside Diaphysis-shaft of long bone, compact bone outside, cancellous bone, marrow Articular cartilage-hyaline cartilage at joint contact surface reduces friction Spongy bone-cancellous bone with red (hematopoietic) marrow in epiphysis and lining marrow cavity Epiphyseal plate-hyaline cartilage for growth by bone elongation Epiphyseal line-compact bone fills in epiphyseal plate when growth ends Periosteum-fibrous covering of bone, (Sharpey’s) fibers penetrate bone Medullary cavity-space in diaphysis full of yellow marrow (fat) Endosteum-delicate lining of medullary cavity Red marrow-hematopoietic marrow fills spongy bone spaces throughout life and fills medullary cavity in infants Yellow marrow-fat stored in medullary cavity of diaphysis

The Skull Bones-Lab 8: Activity 1 and 2 Cranial BonesParts/Markings frontal coronal suture parietal sagittal suture temporal external auditory meatus, internal auditory meatus, styloid process, mastoid process, carotid canal, mandibular fossa, jugular foramen, squamous suture occipitalforamen magnum, occipital condyles, lambdoid stuture sphenoid greater wings, lesser wings, sella turcica, optic foramen (canal), foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum ethmoid crista galli, cribriform plate, superior and middle nasal conchae

Facial Bones-Lab 8: Activity 1 and 2 BonesParts/Markings inferior nasal conchae lacrimal mandible mental foramen, alveolar processes, mandibular condyle, mandibular foramen, ramus maxillaalveolar processes nasal palatine zygomatic vomer

Sutures in the Skull and the Hyoid Sutures: Coronal Sagittal Lambdoid Squamous Hyoid bone

Vertebral Column-24 vertebrae separated by fibrocartilage intervertebral discs Curvatures Cervical (7 concave) Thoracic (12 convex) Lumbar (5 concave) Sacral (5 fused convex)

Examining Spinal Curvatures -Lab 8 Activity 3

Structures of a Typical Vertebra body pedicles transverse processes spinous process vertebral foramen intervertebral foramen lamina

Types of Vertebrae-Lab 8: Activity 4-5 Types and numberParts/Markings Cervical (7) atlas, axis (dens or odontoid process), transverse foramina Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) median sacral crest, sacral hiatus, sacral foramina, sacral canal, sacroiliac joint Coccyx (3-5 fused vertebrae)

Thoracic Cage-Lab 8: Exercise 6 Thoracic Cage BonesParts/Markings Ribs (12 pairs) True ribs (pairs 1-7) direct sternal attachment with costal cartilage False ribs (pairs 8-12) indirect or no attachment to sternum Floating ribs (pairs 11, 12) no attachment to sternum costal cartilage hyaline cartilage that connects ribs to sternum sternum manubrium, body, xiphoid process, jugular notch

The Fetal Skull

To Review, complete the following Pages Pages