LAB PRELUDE BLOCK 3 – ANATOMY OF SKULL

Skull Views Superior – Norma verticalis Inferior – Norma basalis Posterior – Norma occipitalis Anterior – Norma frontalis Lateral – Norma lateralis

Norma Verticalis Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Coronal suture Sagittal suture Bregma Lambda Parietal foramen

Inner Calvaria Frontal bone Parietal bone Coronal suture Sagittal suture Frontal sinus Groove for superior sagittal sinus Groove for middle meningeal artery Granular foveolae

Norma Basalis Anterior part Middle part Posterior part

Norma Basalis - Anterior Alveolar process of maxilla Palatine process of maxilla Horizontal plate of palatine bone Incisive foramen Greater palatine foramen Lesser palatine foramen

Norma Basalis - Middle Vomer Pharyngeal tubercle Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Medial & Lateral plates / Fossa / Hamulus

Norma Basalis - Middle Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum / Spine of sphenoid Foramen lacerum Carotid canal

Norma Basalis - Posterior Occipital condyles Styloid process of temporal bone Mastoid process External occipital protuberance (inion) Nuchal lines Superior Inferior

Norma Basalis - Posterior Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Condylar canal Mastoid foramen

Norma Occipitalis Parietal bones Occipital bone External occipital protuberance (inion) Nuchal lines Superior Inferior

Norma Occipitalis Lambdoid suture Asterion Mastoid foramen

Norma Frontalis Orbit (area) Superciliary arch Glabella Nasion

Orbit Orbital plate of frontal bone Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Sphenoid bone Orbital surface of maxilla Frontal process of maxilla Zygomatic bone

Orbit Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Optic canal Lacrimal fossa (inside) Infraorbital groove (becomes canal) Infraorbital canal (exits as foramen) Infraorbital foramen Supraorbital foramen

Orbit – Medial Wall Lacrimal fossa Frontal sinus Maxillary sinus Optic canal Foramen rotundum Anterior ethmoidal foramen Posterior ethmoidal foramen Lateral view – right orbit

Norma Frontalis Anterior nasal aperture Supraorbital, infraorbital and mental foramina Alveolar process of maxilla Anterior nasal spine

Nasal Cavity – Septal Wall Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Vomer Septal cartialge

Nasal Cavity – Septal Wall Frontal air sinus Sphenoid air sinus Incisive canal

Nasal Cavity – Lateral Wall Frontal process of maxilla Lacrimal bone Superior concha of ethmoid bone Middle concha of ethmoid bone Inferior concha Medial pterygoid plate

Nasal Cavity – Lateral Wall Sphenoethmoidal recess Sphenoid sinus Superior meatus (below concha) Posterior ethmoid air cells Middle meatus (below concha) Anterior and middle ethmoid air cells Frontal sinus Maxillary sinus Inferior meatus (below concha) Nasolacrimal duct Choana Sphenopalatine foramen

Norma Lateralis Temporal lines Superior Inferior Temporal fossa (depression on side of skull) Zygomatic arch External acoustic meatus Styloid process of temporal bone Mastoid process Ramus of mandible

Temporal Fossa Zygomatic arch Temporal lines Frontozygomatic process Supramastoid crest

Temporal Fossa Pterion 4.0 cm superior to arch 3.5 cm posterior to frontozygomatic process Landmark for ramus of middle meningeal artery

Infratemporal Fossa Roof Greater wing of sphenoid bone Squamous temporal Medial Lateral pterygoid plate Anterior Maxilla Communicates with pterygopalatine fossa via pterygomaxillary fissure

Pterygopalatine Fossa

Mandible - Lateral Ramus Angle Notch Coronoid process Condyloid process Head Body Mental foramen

Mandible - Anterior Mental foramen Mental protuberance Alveolar process

Mandible - Interior Mandibular foramen Lingula Mylohyoid line Genial tubercle (mental spine)

Cranial Fossae AnteriorMiddlePosterior

Anterior Cranial Fossa Orbital plate of frontal bone Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Body of sphenoid

Anterior Cranial Fossa Crista galli of ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Anterior clinoid process Optic groove Optic canal

Middle Cranial Fossa Lesser wing of sphenoid bone Anterior clinoid process Chiasmatic sulcus Petrous temporal Dorsum sellae of sphenoid bone

Middle Cranial Fossa Squamous temporal bone Parietal bone Greater wing of sphenoid bone

Middle Cranial Fossa Sella turcica (TS + HF) Tuberculum sellae Hypophysial fossa Dorsum sellae

Cresent of Foramina/Sphenoid Bone Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Lesser wing Pterygoid canal Posterior Superior

Middle Cranial Fossa Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Lingula of sphenoid bone Foramen lacerum

Middle Cranial Fossa Carotid groove Hiatus for greater petrosal nerve Hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve

Posterior Cranial Fossa Body of sphenoid Basioccipital portion of occipital bone Petrous temporal Mastoid temporal Internal occipital crest Internal occipital protruberance

Posterior Cranial Fossa Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Hypoglossal canal

Skull Foramina Anterior ethmoidal foramenAnterior ethmoidal n/a/v Carotid canalInternal carotid a.; carotid sympathetic plexus Condyloid canalEmissary vein from sigmoid sinus External acoustic meatusAir

Skull Foramina Foramen cecumEmissary vein to superior sagittal sinus Foramen lacerumFibrocartilage; meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal a.; emissary veins to cavernous sinus Foramen magnumMedulla; meninges; spinal roots of accessory n.; vertebral a; ant. & post. spinal aa.; tectorial membrane; alar ligaments

Skull Foramina Foramen ovaleMandibular division of trigeminal n.; accessory meningeal a.; lesser petrosal n. Foramen rotundumMaxillary division of trigeminal n. Foramen spinosumMiddle meningeal a/v; recurrent (meningeal) branch of mandibular n. Foramen of VesaliusEmissary vein

Skull Foramina Foramina of cribriform plateFila of olfactory n. Greater palatine foramenGreater palatine n/a/v Hiatus for greater petrosal n.Greater petrosal n.; petrosal branch of middle meningeal a. Hiatus for lesser petrosal n.Lesser petrosal n.

Skull Foramina Hypoglossal canalHypoglossal n.; meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal a.; emissary vein from basilar plexus Incisive canalDescending septal a.; nasopalatine n. Inferior orbital fissureMaxillary division of trigeminal n.; inferior ophthalmic v. Infraorbital foramenInfraorbital n/a/v

Skull Foramina Internal acoustic meatusFacial n.; vestibulocochlear n.; labyrinthine a. Jugular foramenGlossopharyngeal n.; vagus n.; accessory n.; inferior petrosal sinus; sigmoid sinus; bulb of internal jugular vein; meningeal branches from the occipital and ascending pharyngeal aa.

Skull Foramina Lesser palatine foramenLesser palatine n/a/v Mandibular foramenInferior alveolar n/a/v Mastoid canaliculusAuricular branch of vagus n. Mastoid foramenEmissary vein Mental foramenMental n/a/v

Skull Foramina Optic canalOptic n.; ophthalmic a. Parietal foramenEmissary vein to superior sagittal sinus Petrotympanic fissureChorda tympani n. Pharyngeal canalPharyngeal n.

Skull Foramina Posterior ethmoidal foramenPosterior ethmoidal n/a/v Pterygoid canalNerve of pterygoid canal (Vidian n.) Pterygomaxillary fissureMaxillary a.; maxillary division of trigeminal n. Sphenopalatine foramenSphenopalatine a/v; posterior superior nasal n.

Skull Foramina Stylomastoid foramenFacial n.; stylomastoid a. Supraorbital foramenSupraorbital n/a/v Superior orbital fissureOculomotor n.; trochlear n.; ophthalmic division of trigeminal n.; abducens n.; sympathetic fibers; orbital branch of middle meningeal a.; superior ophthalmic v.; recurrent branch of lacrimal a.

Skull Foramina Tympanic canaliculusTympanic branch. of glossopharyngeal n. Zygomaticofacial foramenZygomaticofacial n/a/v Zygomaticotemporal foramenZygomaticotemporal n.