Figure 9-01

LE 9-2 ECOSYSTEM Light energy Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O ATP powers most cellular work Heat energy

LE 9-UN161a becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron)

LE 9-UN161 becomes oxidized becomes reduced

LE 9-3 Reactants becomes oxidized becomes reduced Products H Methane (reducing agent) Oxygen (oxidizing agent) Carbon dioxideWater HC H H OO O OCO H H CH 4 2 O CO 2 Energy 2 H 2 O

LE 9-UN162a becomes reduced becomes oxidized

LE 9-UN162b Dehydrogenase

LE 9-4 NAD + Nicotinamide (oxidized form) Dehydrogenase 2 e – + 2 H + 2 e – + H + NADH H+H+ H+H+ Nicotinamide (reduced form) + 2[H] (from food) +

LE H e – 2 H (from food via NADH) Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP 2 H + 2 e – H2OH2O + 1 / 2 O 2 H2H2 + H2OH2O Explosive release of heat and light energy Cellular respiration Uncontrolled reaction Free energy, G Electron transport chain

LE 9-5a 1 / 2 O 2 H2H2 + H2OH2O Explosive release of heat and light energy Uncontrolled reaction Free energy, G

LE 9-5b 2 H e – 2 H (from food via NADH) Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP 2 H + 2 e – H2OH2O + 1 / 2 O 2 Cellular respiration Free energy, G Electron transport chain

LE 9-UN164 Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter) Oxidation phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis (color-coded violet) The citric acid cycle (color-coded salmon)

LE 9-6_1 Mitochondrion Glycolysis Pyruvate Glucose Cytosol ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation

LE 9-6_2 Mitochondrion Glycolysis Pyruvate Glucose Cytosol ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Citric acid cycle

LE 9-6_3 Mitochondrion Glycolysis Pyruvate Glucose Cytosol ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Citric acid cycle ATP Oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH 2

LE 9-7 Enzyme ADP P Substrate Product Enzyme ATP +

LE 9-8 Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP used 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD e – + 4 H + Energy payoff phase + 2 H + 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate + 2 H 2 O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H + Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e – + 4 H + Net Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP

LE 9-9a_1 Glucose ATP ADP Hexokinase ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Glucose-6-phosphate

LE 9-9a_2 Glucose ATP ADP Hexokinase ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase Fructose-6-phosphate ATP ADP Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Aldolase Isomerase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate

LE 9-9b_1 2 NAD + Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H + NADH 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase Phosphoglyceromutase 2-Phosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate

LE 9-9b_2 2 NAD + Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H + NADH 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase Phosphoglyceromutase 2-Phosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Pyruvate kinase 2 H 2 O Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate

LE 9-10 CYTOSOL Pyruvate NAD + MITOCHONDRION Transport protein NADH + H + Coenzyme ACO 2 Acetyl Co A

LE 9-11 Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle NAD + NADH + H + CO 2 CoA Acetyl CoA CoA Citric acid cycle CO NAD H + NADH3 ATP ADP + P i FADH 2 FAD

LE 9-12_1 ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle Citrate Isocitrate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA H2OH2O

LE 9-12_2 ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle Citrate Isocitrate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA H2OH2O CO2CO2 NAD + NADH + H +  -Ketoglutarate CO2CO2 NAD + NADH + H + Succinyl CoA

LE 9-12_3 ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle Citrate Isocitrate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA H2OH2O CO2CO2 NAD + NADH + H +  -Ketoglutarate CO2CO2 NAD + NADH + H + Succinyl CoA Succinate GTP GDP ADP ATP FAD FADH 2 P i Fumarate

LE 9-12_4 ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle Citrate Isocitrate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA H2OH2O CO2CO2 NAD + NADH + H +  -Ketoglutarate CO2CO2 NAD + NADH + H + Succinyl CoA Succinate GTP GDP ADP ATP FAD FADH 2 P i Fumarate H2OH2O Malate NAD + NADH + H +

LE 9-13 ATP Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle NADH 50 FADH 2 40 FMN FeS I FAD FeS II III Q FeS Cyt b Cyt c Cyt c 1 Cyt a Cyt a 3 IV 10 0 Multiprotein complexes Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol) H2OH2O O2O2 2 H / 2

LE 9-14 INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ ATP MITOCHONDRAL MATRIX ADP + P i A rotor within the membrane spins as shown when H + flows past it down the H + gradient. A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary. A rod (or “stalk”) extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob. Three catalytic sites in the stationary knob join inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP.

LE 9-15 Protein complex of electron carriers H+H+ ATP Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle H+H+ Q III I II FAD FADH 2 + H + NADH NAD + (carrying electrons from food) Inner mitochondrial membrane Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Intermembrane space H+H+ H+H+ Cyt c IV 2H / 2 O 2 H2OH2O ADP + H+H+ ATP synthase Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H + ), Which create an H + gradient across the membrane P i Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H + back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation

LE 9-16 CYTOSOL Electron shuttles span membrane 2 NADH or 2 FADH 2 MITOCHONDRION Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis 2 FADH 2 2 NADH6 NADH Citric acid cycle 2 Acetyl CoA 2 NADH Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation + 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation + about 32 or 34 ATP by oxidation phosphorylation, depending on which shuttle transports electrons form NADH in cytosol About 36 or 38 ATP Maximum per glucose:

LE 9-17a CO H + 2 NADH2 NAD + 2 Acetaldehyde 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 Pyruvate 2 2 Ethanol Alcohol fermentation Glucose Glycolysis

LE 9-17b CO H + 2 NADH2 NAD + 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 P i 2 Pyruvate 2 2 Lactate Lactic acid fermentation Glucose Glycolysis

LE 9-18 Pyruvate Glucose CYTOSOL No O 2 present Fermentation Ethanol or lactate Acetyl CoA MITOCHONDRION O 2 present Cellular respiration Citric acid cycle

LE 9-19 Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Proteins NH 3 Amino acids Sugars Carbohydrates Glycolysis Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3- P Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Fatty acids Glycerol Fats

LE 9-20 Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA Fructose-6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate – Inhibits ATP Citrate Inhibits Stimulates AMP + –