14 Water Resources CHAPTER

What has a mouth but does not eat, has a bed but does not sleep, always runs and never walks? A River

Looking for Water... in the Desert The 2300-kilometer Colorado River once flowed deep and wide across the Southwest to Mexico’s Gulf of California. Since the Colorado River Compact, in 1922, seven states— Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming—have relied on the river’s water for human use. Today, drought, dams, and diversion have caused the once-raging Colorado River to run nearly dry. Las Vegas, Nevada city officials have turned to an unlikely source for water—the desert.Their proposal to mine groundwater from beneath a scenic area of the Great Basin Desert is controversial. The 2300-kilometer Colorado River once flowed deep and wide across the Southwest to Mexico’s Gulf of California. Since the Colorado River Compact, in 1922, seven states— Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming—have relied on the river’s water for human use. Today, drought, dams, and diversion have caused the once-raging Colorado River to run nearly dry. Las Vegas, Nevada city officials have turned to an unlikely source for water—the desert.Their proposal to mine groundwater from beneath a scenic area of the Great Basin Desert is controversial. Talk About It Is the human need for fresh water reason enough to mine in an area that may threaten area ecology? What other ideas might states in the Colorado River Basin try?

Lesson 1.1 Earth: The Water Planet Although the vast majority of Earth is covered in water, one in eight people lacks access to clean freshwater.

Where Is Our Water? “Water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink.” - Rime of the Ancient Mariner “Water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink.” - Rime of the Ancient Mariner Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet

Where Is Our Water? Fresh water is both a ________________ resource and a __________________________. Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet renewable Limited resource

Where Is Our Water? Earth’s fresh water is distributed _______________. There are great inequalities in _______________ water resources. Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet unequally Per capita

Where Is Our Water? ______________________________ affects access to fresh water. Many parts of the world experience a __________________ season. ______________________________ affects access to fresh water. Many parts of the world experience a __________________ season. Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Seasonal Availability Rainy & Dry

Surface Water Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Water found on ______________________Water found on ______________________ Sources of surface water include ___________ & melting _________, glaciers & ice caps.Sources of surface water include ___________ & melting _________, glaciers & ice caps. Water travels from these sources to bodies of _____________________ as _____________Water travels from these sources to bodies of _____________________ as _____________ Runoff is water that flows over land and has not been ______________ into the ____________Runoff is water that flows over land and has not been ______________ into the ____________ Earth’s surface rainfallsnow Surface water runoff absorbed ground

Surface Water Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Water moves ____________ according to _________, forming a network of connected streams & rivers called a ________________.Water moves ____________ according to _________, forming a network of connected streams & rivers called a ________________. ______________ (small rivers) flow into larger rivers & eventually flowing water empties into a body of water like a __________________.______________ (small rivers) flow into larger rivers & eventually flowing water empties into a body of water like a __________________. gravity downhill River system Tributaries Lake or Ocean

Surface Water Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Mississippi River & its TributariesMississippi River & its Tributaries

Surface Water Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet _____________ (Drainage basin) – all of the _______ area that supplies _______ to a particular river system._____________ (Drainage basin) – all of the _______ area that supplies _______ to a particular river system. *Imagine tracing every single drop of water at the mouth of a river back to where it first fell as precipitation. If you did that for every drop, that would be the watershed for that river Watershed land water

Surface Water Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet

Surface Water Cape Fear River Basin

Surface Water ________ - Separates one ____________ from the next. Divide watershed

Surface Water ________ - Where the river flows into a larger body of water Ex. a ___________________________________. ________ - Where the river flows into a larger body of water Ex. a ___________________________________. Mouth Lake, Ocean or Another River

Groundwater When water does not flow into ________________, it _______________________ to form groundwater Groundwater seeps through the soil and becomes contained in _______________________. When water does not flow into ________________, it _______________________ to form groundwater Groundwater seeps through the soil and becomes contained in _______________________. Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet rivers or evaporate Soaks into the surface Underground aquifers

Groundwater ___________ are permeable layers of rock and soil that hold ________. Permeable - Layers containing spaces and pores that ______________________________ Impermeable - Layers with ___________________ Once water reaches an impermeable layer, it _________________________________ ___________ are permeable layers of rock and soil that hold ________. Permeable - Layers containing spaces and pores that ______________________________ Impermeable - Layers with ___________________ Once water reaches an impermeable layer, it _________________________________ Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Aquifers water Water can pass through Few or no pores Can’t go any deeper

Ground Water ________________- the level below which the ground is _____________ with water A high water table during periods of heavy rainfall or rapid snow melt can lead to _________________ ____________________ - The region between the earth's surface and the water table. ______________________ - Area where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock _____________________ is within this zone ________________- the level below which the ground is _____________ with water A high water table during periods of heavy rainfall or rapid snow melt can lead to _________________ ____________________ - The region between the earth's surface and the water table. ______________________ - Area where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock _____________________ is within this zone Water Table Saturated Flooding Zone of Aeration Zone of Saturation Groundwater

Groundwater The ______________ separates the zone of saturation from the zone of aeration. Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Water table

Groundwater ____________________ – any area where surface water soaks into the ground & reaches an aquifer. Within the aquifer, groundwater may travel for ____________________________ underground. ____________________ – any area where surface water soaks into the ground & reaches an aquifer. Within the aquifer, groundwater may travel for ____________________________ underground. Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Recharge Zone Hundreds of Kilometers

Groundwater Getting Groundwater to the Surface: _______ – ______________ into the surface to reach ground water *Wells must be dug deep into the _______________________ Getting Groundwater to the Surface: _______ – ______________ into the surface to reach ground water *Wells must be dug deep into the _______________________ Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Well Hole Dug Zone of Saturation

Ogallala Aquifer

Groundwater Getting Groundwater to the Surface: _________ – the water table _________________ to the surface without _______________ Getting Groundwater to the Surface: _________ – the water table _________________ to the surface without _______________ Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Spring Naturally Rises Assistance

Groundwater Getting Groundwater to the Surface: __________________: Temperatures increase into the earth. Water from hot springs originates deeper inside the earth or is _________________________. Getting Groundwater to the Surface: __________________: Temperatures increase into the earth. Water from hot springs originates deeper inside the earth or is _________________________. Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Hot Springs Heated by Magma

Old Faithful, a well-known geyser in Yellowstone National Park, shoots groundwater over 100 feet into the air many times a day. Groundwater __________: Hot springs that periodically ________. Small opening in crust…______________ builds until an eruption occurs Ex: __________________ in Yellowstone National Park __________: Hot springs that periodically ________. Small opening in crust…______________ builds until an eruption occurs Ex: __________________ in Yellowstone National Park Lesson 14.1 Earth: The Water Planet Geyser Erupt Pressure OOOO llll dddd F F F F aaaa iiii tttt hhhh ffff uuuu llll

Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water One third of all the people on Earth are affected by water shortages.

How We Use Water Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Three main uses of fresh water include: __________________ Agricultural Industrial Personal

Using Surface Water Most _______________ used in the U.S. is ___________ water. Water ______________ – process of moving water from its source to places where humans use it, such as homes and ________________. Ex. Las Vegas receives water from the __________________. Most _______________ used in the U.S. is ___________ water. Water ______________ – process of moving water from its source to places where humans use it, such as homes and ________________. Ex. Las Vegas receives water from the __________________. Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Freshwater Surface Diversion Farm Fields Colorado River

Using Surface Water ______ – any obstruction placed in a river or stream to _______________ ___________ – large lakes that ______________ for human use ______ – any obstruction placed in a river or stream to _______________ ___________ – large lakes that ______________ for human use Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Dam Block its flow Reservoirs Store Water

Three Gorges Dam, China

Using Surface Water Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water

Using Surface Water Drought and _____________ have caused significant surface water depletion. Many rivers run dry before they reach their _________ because they are overused & heavily _____________ Ex. Colorado river, Yellow River, Nile River & __________________ Drought and _____________ have caused significant surface water depletion. Many rivers run dry before they reach their _________ because they are overused & heavily _____________ Ex. Colorado river, Yellow River, Nile River & __________________ Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Overuse mouth diverted Rio Grande

Using Surface Water Rivers diverted to water ________ in Central Asia have led to ______ of the volume of the Aral sea drying up. Did You Know? The Aral Sea was once the fourth largest body of fresh water. Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Aral Sea, 1997Aral Sea, 2009 cotton 90%

Using Groundwater 68% of groundwater in the U.S. is used for _____________, most of which is very inefficient (leads to ________________). Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water irrigation salinization

Using Groundwater Groundwater ___________ turns groundwater into a nonrenewable resource because it is withdrawn from the ground faster than it can be _______________. Ex. Las Vegas wants to be granted access to groundwater beneath the _______________________ Groundwater ___________ turns groundwater into a nonrenewable resource because it is withdrawn from the ground faster than it can be _______________. Ex. Las Vegas wants to be granted access to groundwater beneath the _______________________ Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water mining replaced Great Basin Desert

Using Groundwater In __________ & parts of Asia and the Middle East, water tables are falling _____ meters per year. As groundwater is depleted: __________________ can move into aquifers making the water undrinkable Land surface can _________________________ Wetlands dry up In __________ & parts of Asia and the Middle East, water tables are falling _____ meters per year. As groundwater is depleted: __________________ can move into aquifers making the water undrinkable Land surface can _________________________ Wetlands dry up Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Mexico 1-3 Salt Water Subside (sink)

Using Groundwater

Desalination Solutions to Freshwater Depletion Increase supply: __________________: “Making” fresh water by removing salt from saltwater. 1) _________ to Leave the Salt Behind Increase supply: __________________: “Making” fresh water by removing salt from saltwater. 1) _________ to Leave the Salt Behind Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Desalinization Boiled

Solutions to Freshwater Depletion Increase supply: Desalination: “Making” fresh water by removing salt from saltwater. 2) ________________________– force salt water through a membrane Increase supply: Desalination: “Making” fresh water by removing salt from saltwater. 2) ________________________– force salt water through a membrane Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Reverse Osmosis

Solutions to Freshwater Depletion Decrease demand: 1) Agricultural: ___________________, ___________- appropriate plants Decrease demand: 1) Agricultural: ___________________, ___________- appropriate plants Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Drip IrrigationClimate

Solutions to Freshwater Depletion Decrease demand: 2) Industrial: Water-conserving processes, recycling __________________ to cool machinery. Decrease demand: 2) Industrial: Water-conserving processes, recycling __________________ to cool machinery. Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Wastewater

Solutions to Freshwater Depletion Decrease demand: 3) Personal: ________________ (choosing drought tolerant landscaping plants), water __________________ Decrease demand: 3) Personal: ________________ (choosing drought tolerant landscaping plants), water __________________ Lesson 14.2 Uses of Fresh Water Xeriscaping Conservation

Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution 3,800 children die every day from diseases associated with unsafe drinking water.

Water Pollution Water pollution- is the introduction of _________ matter or chemicals that are harmful to organisms __________ in the water or to those that __________ or are exposed to the water. waste living drink

Types of Water Pollution ___________________ pollution: From a discrete location, like a factory or sewer pipe, ______________ Ex. Coal Ash Spill ______________________ pollution: From many places spread over a large area, such as when _____________________ picks up pollutants along its path Ex. Fertilizer Runoff ___________________ pollution: From a discrete location, like a factory or sewer pipe, ______________ Ex. Coal Ash Spill ______________________ pollution: From many places spread over a large area, such as when _____________________ picks up pollutants along its path Ex. Fertilizer Runoff Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Point source oil pollution Oil after a spill, Trinity Bay, Texas Point source Nonpoint source traceable Snowmelt runoff

Types of Water Pollution _______________________ _____________________ occurs naturally but it occurs extremely slowly (over hundreds of years). _______________________ _____________________ occurs naturally but it occurs extremely slowly (over hundreds of years). THE PROCESS OF EUTROPHICATION Nutrients build up in water. Algae and aquatic plant growth increases. Organisms die. Decomposition requires oxygen. Dissolved oxygen levels decrease. Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Nutrient Pollution Eutrophication

Types of Water Pollution Nutrient Pollution (cont.) The addition of excess _________________ and other nutrients in the water is nutrient pollution. Nutrient pollution can cause __________ eutrophication, a process where eutrophication is sped up. Non-point sources that contain ________________ & _________________ cause this issue. Nutrient Pollution (cont.) The addition of excess _________________ and other nutrients in the water is nutrient pollution. Nutrient pollution can cause __________ eutrophication, a process where eutrophication is sped up. Non-point sources that contain ________________ & _________________ cause this issue. Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Phosphorous Cultural fertilizers detergents

Which one has experienced cultural eutrophication?

Types of Water Pollution _______________________ Occurs when harmful chemicals are released into _______________ Can be organic or inorganic Harms _______________ and causes human health problems Ex. Mercury, ___________ & Lead _______________________ Occurs when harmful chemicals are released into _______________ Can be organic or inorganic Harms _______________ and causes human health problems Ex. Mercury, ___________ & Lead Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Toxic-Chemical Pollution waterways ecosystems Arsenic

Types of Water Pollution _________________ Unusually large amounts of sediment that change an aquatic environment Sediment pollution results from ____________. Can degrade water quality, cause photosynthesis rates to decline, and disrupt food webs _________________ Unusually large amounts of sediment that change an aquatic environment Sediment pollution results from ____________. Can degrade water quality, cause photosynthesis rates to decline, and disrupt food webs Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Sediment Pollution Erosion

Types of Water Pollution ___________________ A heat source that raises the _________________ of a waterway Heated water holds less ____________. Less oxygen means that aquatic organisms may ________________ Heat itself may ____________________ ___________________ A heat source that raises the _________________ of a waterway Heated water holds less ____________. Less oxygen means that aquatic organisms may ________________ Heat itself may ____________________ Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Thermal Pollution temperature oxygen suffocate Kill organisms

Types of Water Pollution Thermal pollution: Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution

Types of Water Pollution _______________________ Biological pollution occurs when _______________ enter a waterway. Pathogen – disease causing _____________________ Biological pollution causes __________ human health problems than any other form of water pollution. _______________________ Biological pollution occurs when _______________ enter a waterway. Pathogen – disease causing _____________________ Biological pollution causes __________ human health problems than any other form of water pollution. Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Cholera bacteria pathogens Organism or virus more Biological Pollution

Types of Water Pollution Water ______________reduces biological pollution. More than _______________ people die worldwide each year because of diseases in the water Water ______________reduces biological pollution. More than _______________ people die worldwide each year because of diseases in the water Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution treatment Million people

Groundwater Pollution Sources of groundwater pollution include ____________ sources, surface pollutants leaching through soil, and ____________ underground structures. Chemicals break down more ____________ in groundwater than in surface water. Most efforts to reduce groundwater pollution focus on _______________. Sources of groundwater pollution include ____________ sources, surface pollutants leaching through soil, and ____________ underground structures. Chemicals break down more ____________ in groundwater than in surface water. Most efforts to reduce groundwater pollution focus on _______________. Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Acid drainage from a coal mine Natural Leaky Slowly Prevention

Groundwater Pollution

Until the mid-twentieth century it was common for US coastal cities to _____________________________ directly into the ocean. Ocean Water Pollution Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Dump Trash & Sewage

Oil pollution in the ocean comes from many widely spread small sources. __________________ are the largest single source (46%) Big tankers and non-point sources are also a problem Oil pollution in the ocean comes from many widely spread small sources. __________________ are the largest single source (46%) Big tankers and non-point sources are also a problem Ocean Water Pollution Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution A 2004 oil spill off the Alaskan coast Natural Seeps

Ocean organisms _________________ mercury pollution. Ocean Water Pollution Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Bioaccumulate

Nutrient pollution in the ocean occurs when too much ____________ makes it into the water This causes an ________________ which is often referred to as a ____________. Nutrient pollution in the ocean occurs when too much ____________ makes it into the water This causes an ________________ which is often referred to as a ____________. Ocean Water Pollution Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution nitrogen Algal Bloom Red Tide

Controlling Water Pollution Government regulation _____________ water pollution. The ___________________ (1977) Set water pollution standards Required ___________ to release point-source pollution ______________ sewage treatment plant construction Government regulation _____________ water pollution. The ___________________ (1977) Set water pollution standards Required ___________ to release point-source pollution ______________ sewage treatment plant construction Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Decreases Clean Water Act Permits Funded

Controlling Water Pollution The Great Lakes show that humans can change their ways and clean up trouble spots. In the 1970s, _____________ was declared “dead” but is now home to some flourishing species, especially the walleye. Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Lake Erie

Wastewater Treatment Systems The major aim of wastewater treatment is to remove suspended _________ before the remaining water is discharged back to the _________________. Treatment facilities do not filter out all contaminants. The major aim of wastewater treatment is to remove suspended _________ before the remaining water is discharged back to the _________________. Treatment facilities do not filter out all contaminants. solids environment

Wastewater Treatment Systems _________________ are used in rural areas and must be emptied periodically. Lesson 14.3 Water Pollution Septic Tanks

Drinking Water Treatment System 1.Remove small and __________________ from water 2.Water forced through _________ to remove smallest particles 3.Removal of _______________ contaminants 1.Remove small and __________________ from water 2.Water forced through _________ to remove smallest particles 3.Removal of _______________ contaminants Large Sediments Filters biological