Finish up APA style Ethics Ethics Psych 231: Research Methods in Psychology

Announcements Quiz 4: Due Fri. Feb. 5 (by midnight) Exam 1: on Tuesday (1 week from today) Mixture of multiple choice and short answer Review sessions after labs this week (DEG 19) University college writing help: Online CITI ethics training due week 5 Lab Exercise change. Replaced the ethics exercise with another APA style exercise (Ex 61, LM )

APA style: Parts of a research report Abstract Body Introduction Methods Participants Materials/Apparatus Design Procedure Results Discussion References The rest Authors Notes, Footnotes, Tables, Figures & Captions The basic parts of a research article:

The rest References (video | video)video video Author’s name Year Title of work Publication information Journal Issue Pages Footnotes Tables Figures Adolescent Depression 29 References Barnett, P. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (1988). Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 104, Beck, A. T. (1978). Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Benoit, D., Vidovic, D., & Roman, J. (1991, April). Transmission of attachment across three generations. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Boston. Benoit, D., Zeanah, C. H., & Barton, M. L. (1989). Maternal attachment disturbances in failure to thrive. Infant Mental Health Journal, 3, Benoit, D., Zeanah, C. H., Boucher, C., & Minde, K. (1989). Sleep disorders in early childhood: Association with insecure maternal attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, When something odd comes up, don’t guess. Look it up!

Figures and tables These are used to supplement the text. To make a point clearer for the reader. Typically used for: The design Examples of stimuli Patterns of results

Checklist - things to watch for Clarity Logic of the argument is clear How are pieces related, clear transitions between paragraphs Acknowledge the work of others (avoid plagiarism) Appropriate use of headings Correct citing and references Good grammar Active (preferred) vs. passive voice (avoid) Active: Summers and Jordan (2009) hypothesized that speakers use to much passive voice Passive: It was hypothesized by Summers and Jordan (2009) that speakers use to much passive voice Avoid biased language Common errors when using APA style: here | herehere

Ethics Ethics – people should be treated as ends not means

Ethical Responsibilities in Research Two basic categories of ethical concerns: Need to consider the rights of our participants in our research Need to behave ethically as scientists and practitioners Alternative link

Ethical Responsibilities in Research Two basic categories of ethical concerns: Need to consider the rights of our participants in our research Need to behave ethically as scientists and practitioners

Using humans in research For the most part the researcher has the power You know what is going to be done to the participants Participants may feel like they have to do it Milgram (1963) obedience study demonstrated how far people may go to obey authorities This study itself exemplifies the need for strict rules of ethics (video)video Zimbardo’s (1971) Stanford Prison study video | videovideo

Consider ethics at each step Does the topic/idea for the research have some ethical issues surrounding it? How are participants selected? (who is excluded?) What methods may be used on the participant population? What measurement techniques will be used? What design is appropriate? How are the data analyzed? How are the results reported? Ethical Responsibilities in Research video

APA’s code of ethics 5 General Principles (& many ethical standards) Ethical Standards for Research and Publication

5 General Principles (& many ethical standards) A. Beneficence & Non-maleficence Protection from harm, Cost/Benefits analysis, Confidentiality B. Fidelity & Responsibility Uphold professional and scientific standards of contact C. Integrity Honesty and accuracy in science D. Justice Freedom from coercion E. Respect for people’s rights and dignity Basic courtesy, Informed consent, Debriefing, Avoid deception APA’s code of ethics Human Subjects Research Training modules 1 | 2 | 3modules 123

Informed consent Information to allow a person to decide if they want to participate (sample in lab manual pgs 41-42) Basic purpose of the study Participation is voluntary Risks involved Benefits involved Rights to refuse or terminate participation Assent - guardians if participants are not competent e.g., children, developmentally disabled people

Using deception in research Types Passive deception Withholding information about the study Active deception Deliberately misleading participants Avoid it when possible Consider alternatives to deception Role-playing When not possible to avoid Make sure that you are up front with all possible risks Potential results must be worth it Must debrief participants as soon as possible (either right after participation or as soon as project is over) Further readings: Reading the Ethics Code more deeply Deception in Psychological Research: When is its use justified?

Costs/Benefits analysis Costs: all potential risks to the participants Physical harm Psychological harm Loss of confidentiality Benefits: the “good” outcomes Direct benefits to participants Benefits to knowledge base Benefits to world at large

Institutional Review Board IRB Criteria Minimize risk Benefits > Risks Equal opportunity sampling Informed consent Documentation of consent Data monitoring Privacy & Confidentiality Monitoring of ethics (What is an IRB? video(What is an IRB? video)

Scientific Integrity Fraud prevention Replication – repeat a research study to validate results Peer Review – critical analysis of research by peers in the same area Plagiarism – taking credit for another’s work or ideas Avoided by citing the ideas or words of others Two basic categories of ethical concerns: Need to consider the rights of our participants in our research Need to behave ethically as scientists and practitioners (Integrity, Fidelity & Responsibility) (video | video)video

Ethical responsibility to science Dirty tricks (this will get you thrown out) Questionable tricks (these are a little fuzzier, but be wary) Neat tricks (accepted as okay, and sometimes necessary) Ethics in Science Quiz

Ethical responsibility to science Fabrication of results Little or no attempt to minimize demand biases Reformulating your theory as you go Falsifying credentials Plagiarism Little or no attempt to minimize confounds Deliberately hiding (significant) errors in published work DT QT DT NT Ethics in Science Quiz Dirty tricks (this will get you thrown out) Questionable tricks (these are a little fuzzier, but be wary) Neat tricks (accepted as okay, and sometimes necessary)

Ethical responsibility to science Throwing out data Reorganizing order of report of experiments Violations of underlying statistical assumptions Strategic graphing of the data Duplicate publications (presented as new) Selective reporting of the results Leaving out some bad experiments (not bad results) QT or DT QT NT DT depends reason for throwing out Ethics in Science Quiz Dirty tricks (this will get you thrown out) Questionable tricks (these are a little fuzzier, but be wary) Neat tricks (accepted as okay, and sometimes necessary)

Ethical responsibility to society Applying psychological research: Think about the ethics of the application of psychological research findings on video games Gaming can make a better world: Jane McGonigal Video (~ 20 mins)Video Neurogaming: What’s neuroscience and ethics got to do with it? – Exploring ethics video (3 related talks, total ~80 mins)video The ethics of exploiting psychological research in video games: Johnny Soraker video (~15 mins)video

Exam 1 Exam 1: 10% of final grade Short answer (40%) & multiple choice (60%) Covers – lectures, textbook, lab material Textbook Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 8