ANATOMICAL TERMS AND POSITIONS Term 2

Anatomy The study of the structures of the body

Gross Anatomy Study of features of the body or organs that can be seen with the naked eye.

Physiology The study of the functions of the cells, tissues, and organs of the body

THE ANATOMICAL POSITION Upright position with arms down at the side and palms forward, face front, and feet parallel Person is facing you, his right is your left

The Body Planes Imaginary vertical or horizontal lines used to divide the body into section for descriptive purposes

TRANSVERSE PLANE as the horizon An imaginary horizontal line that divides the body into top and bottom halves Superior refers to anything located above or higher Inferior refers to anything located below the line

SAGITTAL PLANE From front to back dividing the body into left and right Medial – refers to anything located toward the midline Lateral – refers to anything away from the midline AKA – Median Plane

CORONAL PLANE An imaginary line that divides the body into front and back parts Anterior (ventral) – refers to anything in the front or toward the belly Posterior (dorsal) – refers to anything in the back section – think dorsal fin AKA – Frontal Plane

BODY CAVITIES Dorsal and ventral Two main cavities

DORSAL CAVITY Cranial Cavity – contains the skull Spinal Cavity – contains the spinal cord

VENTRAL CAVITY Thoracic Cavity – aka the chest, contains the heart, lungs, and great blood vessels Abdominal cavity – Contains the organs of digestion. Diaphragm- separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity

PELVIC CAVITY INGUINAL Contains the reproductive organs and excretory system. Refers to the groin which is the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh.

OTHER BODY CAVITIES Cranial Cavity Spinal Cavity Orbital Cavity Nasal Cavity Buccal Cavity

ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS Lets stop and identify the organs in quadrants

NINE REGION METHOD

REVIEW What Plane? TRANSVERSE Above the line? SUPERIOR Below the line? INFERIOR

What Plane? SAGITTAL Toward the midline? MEDIAL Away from the midline? LATERAL

What Plane? CORONAL Toward the belly or in front? ANTERIOR (ventral) Toward the back or in the back section? POSTERIOR (dorsal)

WHAT IS THE ANATOMICAL POSITION? Standing so the body is erect Facing forward Holding the arms at the sides Turning hands with the palms toward the front The patient is facing you…. So his right is your?

MAJOR BODY SYSTEMS

The human body… A single structure made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds

CELLS The simplest units of living matter. Can maintain life and reproduce themselves. Key terms: Cytology Cytoplasm Stem cells Somatic stem cells Embryonic stem cells Chromosomes DNA

TISSUES More complex than cells. A tissue is an organization of many cells working together for a similar function. Key Terms: Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nerve tissue

ORGANS An organization of several different kinds of tissues. They are arranged so they can perform a special function.

SYSTEMS An organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs. They are arranged so that together they can perform complex functions for the body. The 13 major system are…

Skeletal System Major Functions: Supports and shapes the body. Protects internal organs. Forms some blood cells and stores minerals. Major Structures: Bones Joints Cartilage

Muscular System Major Functions: Holds the body erect. Makes movement possible. Generates body heat. Major Structures: Muscles Tendons

Cardiovascular System Major Functions: Blood circulates throughout body. Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells. Major Structures: Heart Arteries Veins Blood

Lymphatic and Immune System Major Functions: Protects the body from harmful substances. Brings oxygen and nutrients to cells Removes waste from cells. Major Structures: Lymph nodes Tonsils spleen

Respiratory System Major Functions: Brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells. Removes carbon dioxide and waste from body. Major Structures: Nose, pharynx Lungs

Digestive System Major Functions: Absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. Eliminates solid wastes. Major Structures: Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestines

Urinary System Major Functions: Filters blood to remove waste. Major Structures: Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

Nervous System Major Functions: Coordinates the reception of stimuli. Transmits messages throughout the body. Major Structures: Nerves Brain Spinal cord

Special Senses Major Functions: Receive visual and auditory information. Transmits information to the brain. Major Structures: Eyes Ears

Integumentary System Major Functions: Protects the body against invasion of bacteria. Regulates the body temperature. Major Structures: Skin Sweat glands

Endocrine System Major Functions: Integrates all body functions. Major Structures: Adrenals Gonads Pancreas Thymus Pituitary

Reproductive System Major Functions: Produces new life. Major Structures: Male:penis, testicles Female: Vagina, ovaries, uterus

Pathology vs Etiology Pathology is the study of the nature and cause of disease that involves change in structure and function. Etiology is the study of the cause of disease.

DISEASE TRANSMISSION What is a pathogen? What is contamination? Identify ways that diseases are transmitted:

DISEASE OUTBREAK Endemic: Epidemic: Pandemic:

LETS LOOK AT SOME OF THE DISEASE AND DISORDERS LISTED IN THE CHAPTER.

Student Workbook Learning Exercises Answer Key © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 2 Answers Matching Word Parts adip/o 2.2. anter/o 2.3. aden/o ologist ology Matching Word Parts cyt/o 2.7. cephal/o 2.8. caud/o 2.9. exo endo-

Chapter 2 Answers Matching Word Parts poster/o stasis path/o plasia hist/o Definitions 2.16.nosocomial infection dominant gene abdominal cavity medial adult stem

Chapter 2 Answers Definitions phenylketonuria adenitis parietal peritoneum gene histology

Chapter 2 Answers Matching Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen epigastric region umbilicus region hypochondriac region hypogastric region iliac region

Chapter 2 Answers Which Word? inguinal genetics epidemiologist exocrine glands inferior Spelling Counts mesentery hemophilia hypertrophy epithelial anomaly

Chapter 2 Answers Matching Pathology of Tissue Formation dysplasia anaplasia hyperplasia hypoplasia aplasia Term Selection proximal posterior frontal midsagittal distal

Chapter 2 Answers Sentence Completion Down syndrome physiology thoracic iatrogenic chromosomes Word Surgery aden, -ectomy endo-, -crine hist, -ologist retro-, periton, -eal path, -ologist

Chapter 2 Answers Word Surgery eti-, -ology home/o -stasis pan-, dem, -ic epi-, gastr, -ic idi/o, path, -ic Clinical Conditions epidemic functional bloodborne cytology vector-borne

Chapter 2 Answers Clinical Conditions quadrant waterborne pelvic peritonitis geneticist

Chapter 2 Answers iliac genome adenocarcinoma loose fetal alcohol syndrome

Chapter 2 Answers Challenge Word Building myoplasty myalgia gastrosis laryngitis myectomy gastralgia laryngectomy nephrosis neuroplasty nephritis

Chapter 2 Answers Labeling Exercises hypochondriac umbilical hypogastric lumbar iliac midsagittal anterior lateral posterior frontal