Franklin Pierce, 1852 Promoted foreign expansion Issue of expansion of slavery

James Gadsden Railroad route from New Orleans to California Added 29,640 mi 2 what is now Arizona and New Mexico

Stephen Douglas Proposes popular sovereignty Northern dissent Democratic and Whig Parties divided Republican Party

Against expansion of slavery Some abolitionists & colonizationists “Free labor, free soil, free men” Disintegration of Know-Nothing Party

Popular sovereignty Concerns of Missouri Free-soiler immigrants Illegal votes Outbreak of violence

Charles Sumner, Free- soiler & Congressman Preston Brooks, Southern Congressman Caning of Sumner Increase in polarization

John Brown Attack of pro-slavery individuals Guerrilla warfare, 200 dead

Issue of Northern civil liberties Dissolution of slavery globally Overreaction to abolition? Overreaction to legislation?

Dred Scott, a slave Appealed for freedom based on residency Missouri court decided in Scott’s favor Supreme Court overturned decision Declares blacks are not citizens Northern reaction

“ I am not a Know-Nothing. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me pretty rapid, as a nation we began by declaring ‘all men are created equal.’ We now practically read it, ‘all men are created equal, except Negroes.’ When the Know-Nothings get control it will read ‘all men are created equal, except Negroes, and foreigners, and Catholics.’” - Abraham Lincoln

Born February 12, 1809, in Kentucky Elected to U.S. House of Representatives, 1846 Lost popularity due to opposition to Mexican War Nominated by Republicans to run for Illinois Senate, 1858 “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this Government cannot endure permanently half- slave and half-free.” - Abraham Lincoln

Campaign for U.S. Senator from Illinois Series of seven debates National discussion of slavery Lincoln: contain slavery in the south Douglas: accuse Lincoln of being a radical abolitionist Lincoln won debates, Douglas appointed to the Senate

John Brown plans attack Raid was a fiasco Brown equated abolition with Declaration of Independence Brown arrested and executed

“If it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice and mingle my blood…with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say let it be done.” “I…am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood.” - John Brown

Democratic Party split Stephen Douglas, North John C. Breckenridge, South Republican Candidate Abraham Lincoln Lincoln elected President with 39% of the vote

South Carolina votes to secede Six other states follow Lincoln refuses to compromise Lincoln refuses to re-arm Fort Sumter, SC

Key terms: Gadsden Purchase, Kansas-Nebraska Act, “Bleeding Kansas”, Charles Sumner, John Brown, Dred Scott, Lincoln Douglas Debates, Stephen Douglas, Harper’s Ferry, Fort Sumter