Pancreas Karishma Vaswani, AJ Chu, Faizan Butt

Pancreas Large Gland Part of the Endocrine System and the Digestive System Primarily an exocrine gland Secretes hormones – Triggers metabolic reactions – Helps break down food

Pancreas has 2 types of tissues 1.Exocrine Tissues-secrete digestive enzymes into the Pancreatic duct 2.Endocrine Tissue-Consists of Islets of Langerhands, secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Location Located right below the stomach It is located near the Duodenum( first part of the small intestine) Divided into different subsections: Head, body and tail

Important Structures There is a duct in the pancreas that leads to the common bile duct. (Pancreatic Duct) Duct is used to drain the execrable hormones which aid in the digestion of food in the small intestine. Common Bile Duct: drains bile from the gall bladder

Important Structures cont…. Islets of Langerhands (Pancreatic Islets)-small clusters of endocrine cells Small structures throughout the pancreas (over 1 million) Mainly produce Insulin and Glucagon

Important Structures: Microscopic Level Mostly made up of Pancreatic Exocrine cells Pancreatic Acini-grape like clusters of exocrine cells, numerous ducts that branch throughout the pancreas end in sac-like pouches Enzymes are secreted by Acinar cells and by the epithelial cells that line the ducts

Important Enzymes Pancreatic Enzymes do most of the digestive work in the small intestine 1.Insulin-regulates the amount of sugar absorbed 2.Glucagon 3.Somatostatin-growth hormone

Important Digestive Enzymes 1.Carbohydrases-digests sugars and starches 2.Lipases-break down lipids 3.Nucleases-breaks down nucleic acids 4.Proteases-breaks proteins apart

Hormones Islets of Langerhans is responsible for hormone and secretion (endocrine pancreas) Alpha cells producing glucagon (15–20% of total islet cells) Beta cells producing insulin and amylin (65–80%) Delta cells producing somatostatin (3–10%) PP cells producing pancreatic polypeptide (3–5%) Epsilon cells producing ghrelin (<1%)

Pancrine feedback system: Insulin: activates beta cells and inhibits alpha cells Glucagon: activates alpha cells which activates beta cells and delta cells Somatostatin: inhibits alpha cells and beta cells

Diseases Pancreatitis: inflammation of the pancreas. A variety of factors cause a high pressure within pancreatic ducts. Pancreatic duct rupture, and pancreatic juice leakage causes a pancreatic self-digestion. Therefore, pancreatitis occurs. Gallstone and alcohol are the two most common causes for the pancreatitis.

Diabetes mellitus type 1: is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the insulin- secreting cells in the pancreas. Secondary diabetes is a special type, which can be caused by many factors. There may be also some correlations between diabetes, chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancers: particularly cancer of the exocrine pancreas, remain one of the most deadly cancers, and the mortality rate is very high. Pancreatic endocrine tumors are rare. Representative: insulinoma (95% benign, 5% malignant), gastrinomas (malignant).

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