Recent Advances in Korean Shellfish Aquaculture Choi, Kwang-Sik School of Applied Marine Science Cheju National University 66 Jejudaehakno, Jeju Republic of Korea

Korean coastal areas includes, 1)West Coast : Yellow Sea 2)South Coast : Many bays and islands 3)East Coast : East Sea (Sea of Japan) West Coast: Water temperature varies 4 to 26 ºC annually, high tidal range and well developed tidal flats, estuarine environment, high productivity. Clams and prawn culture is common. South Coast: numbers of semi-enclosed bays and islands, moderate tidal range and tidal flats, several estuaries, lots of oysters, mussels, ark shells and sea squirt farms. East Coast: open oceanic marine environment, water temperature varies 4 to 24 ºC annually, no major estuaries, rocky shores, scallop culture industry developed. Shellfish Aquaculture and Research Laboratory CHEJU NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Korean Aquaculture Production in 2004 Seaweed 547,108 ton Molluscan 309,559 ton 952,720 Fish 84,610 ton Other Invertebrate 8,939 ton Crustacean 2,504 ton

Source: FAO FISHSTAT plus statistic database (2000) World top producers of per capita fish consumption (1999)

ANNUAL AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN KOREA

ANNUAL SHELLFISH PRODUCTION IN KOREA

Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Oyster Aquaculture

Oyster farm on the southern coast Tongyoung-Gojae-Hansan Area

Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) - Currently 200,000 – 250,000 tons annually. - 95% are cultured on the south coast - Suspended long-line culture - Seeds: natural spat collection (90%), hatchery 10%. - Marine pollution and pathogenic problem Oyster Culture

Harvest and grading oysters from net bags suspended culture Harvesting oysters from long line

Patinopecten yessoensis Scallop culture

Yesso scallop or Japanese scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, are cultured in the region along the coast of the East Sea (Japan Sea)

Scallop culture industry: developed on the east coast in late 80’s

CHEJU NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Patinopecten yessoensis production

Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) culture Ruditapes (=Tapes, Venerupes) philippinarum; Manila clam, little neck clam, short-necked clam, Japanese little-neck Endemic to the coastal Yellow Sea Commonly cultured in Korea, China and Japan

Clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) habitat Sandy-mud intertidal flats are used for grow out Kikuchigawa, Kumamoto JapanQingdao, China

Major Clam Culture Ground on the West Coast

South Coast of Korea

Clam culture Spats are collected from intertidal area Sowing culture: 2-3 years to harvest Commercial clam beds: coastal tidal flats licensed to local shellfish farmers unions or individual farmer Intensive culture; higher stocking density of clams over 500 to 1,000 individuals per square meter Epidemic disease problems

Shellfish Aquaculture and Research Laboratory CHEJU NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CLAM PRODUCTION (MT) YEAR ANNUAL CLAM LANDINGS IN KOREA FROM 1980 TO 2005

Mass mortality of the Manila clams occurred in September, 2002 in Komsoe Bay, Korea Shellfish Aquaculture and Research Laboratory CHEJU NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

Shellfish Aquaculture and Research Laboratory CHEJU NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FTM cultured clam – a typical case of heavily infected clam (2-4 million cells/clam or 1-2 million cells/g tissue)

Mytilus coruscus (Gould) Mussel Culture Commonly Cultured on the south coast Long-ling hanging culture Shellfish poisoning Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus)

Scarpharca broughtonii Cultured on the south coast using Long-line hanging and sowing culture Ark Shell cockle Aquaculture Tegillarca granosa

Ark Shell Culture

Scarpharca broughtonii (Scarenck) Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus) Cultured on the south coast Long-line hanging and sowing culture Ark Shell Aquaculture

Abalone Aquaculture Seed production and on-growing tanks in a Commercial abalone farm

Haliotis discus discus (Reev) Haliotis gigantea (Gmelin) Haliotis sieboldii (Reeve) Haliotis diversicolor aquatilis (Reeve) Abalone Aquaculture Cage culture

Abalone Landings in Korea ( ) Abalone Aquaculture

Penaeus japonicus Penaeus chinensis Shrimp Aquaculture

Halocynthia roretzi Mostly cultured on the south coast Long-Line hanging culture Sea Squirt Aquaculture

Harvesting sea squirts

Halocyntyhia roretzi - Annual Production : declined since Soft-Shell syndrome caused mass mortality -Pathogen-associated mortality Sea Squirt Aquaculture

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