Diabetes By: Angela Thomas

What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. See notes for slide 2.

Types Type 1: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus There are three types: Type 1: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Type 2: Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Gestational diabetes See notes for slide 3.

Causes of type 1 diabetes Type 1 diabetes results from a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Type 1 is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, though exactly what many of those factors are still unclear. See notes for slide 4

Causes of Type 2 Age Genetics Obesity Environmental factors Certain racial or ethnic groups See notes for slide 5

Causes of gestational diabetes During pregnancy, the placenta produces hormones to sustain your pregnancy. These hormones make your cells more resistant to insulin. Normally, your pancreas responds by producing enough extra insulin to overcome this resistance. But sometimes your pancreas cannot keep up. When this happens, too little glucose gets into your cells and too much stays in your blood, resulting in gestational diabetes. See notes for slide 6

Risks of type 1 diabetes Family History Environmental factors Presence of diabetes autoantibodies Injury or disease of the pancreas See notes for slide 7

Risks of Type 2 Diabetes Anyone can get type 2 diabetes. But those at highest risk for the disease are those who: Are over the age of 45 Are obese or overweight Have had gestational diabetes Have family members who have type 2 diabetes Have prediabetes Don't exercise Have low HDL cholesterol or high triglycerides Have high blood pressure Are members of certain racial or ethnic groups See notes for slide 8

Risks of gestational diabetes Age at pregnancy Family or personal history Prediabetes Being overweight Race See notes for slide 9

“The silent killer” Diabetes has been given an alarming name of the “silent killer” because the symptoms are easy to miss and many people are not even aware that they may have diabetes. Over 24 million people in America have diabetes and only about 1/3 of them are aware they have it. If you suffer from any of the symptoms listed here, you should talk to your doctor immediately. Read and then go to next slide.

Symptoms of diabetes Increased Thirst & Urination Weight Loss Fatigue Hunger Numbness Skin Problems Slow Healing Yeast Infections Problems with Vision Irritability See notes for slide 10

Statistics As of 2014, an estimated 387 million people have diabetes worldwide, with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases. This is equal to 8.3% of the adult population, with equal rates in both women and men. In the years 2012 to 2014, diabetes is estimated to have resulted in 1.5 to 4.9 million deaths per year. Diabetes at least doubles the risk of death. The number of people with diabetes is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035. The global economic cost of diabetes in 2014 was estimated to be $612 billion. In the United States, diabetes cost $245 billion in 2012. Read and go to next slide

Statistics The rates of diagnosed diabetes by race/ethnic background are: 7.6% of non-Hispanic whites 9.0% of Asian Americans 12.8% of Hispanics 3.2% of non-Hispanic blacks 15.9% of American Indians/Alaskan Natives See more at: http://www.diabetes.org See notes for slide 12 and 13

uncontrolled diabetes can result in: Heart Disease Blood Vessel Disease Kidney Disease Damage to Teeth Damage to Nerves If not controlled, diabetes can put you at risk for a host of complications that can affect nearly every organ in the body. See notes for slide 14

Methods to improve Diet and exercise Weight loss Control blood pressure No smoking Proper foot care and dental care Move on to next slide

Methods to treat Insulin injections Non-insulin injectable medications Basal, or long-acting insulin Bolus, or rapid-acting Non-insulin injectable medications Glp-1 medication Synthetic hormones Oral antidiabetic medications Metformin Amaryl Januvia See notes for slide 16

Community resources Diabetes Individual Counseling Provides one-on-one instruction on blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration, diabetic diet and self management of diabetes by physician referral. For Delaware County residents at Grady Memorial Hospital. Contact: Debbi Burns (740) 615-1255 Diabetes Self-Management Program at McConnell Heart Health Center This program covers topics in diabetes self-management care A physician referral is required for participation in the education programs or individual appointments. Referrals can be faxed to (614) 566-6776. To schedule an appointment or class, you can call (614) 566-5356 See notes for slide 15

Community resources Diabetes Self-Management Program at Grant Health and Fitness Teaching you how to achieve and maintain a balanced lifestyle. With a referral prescription from your physician, some insurance plans will cover nutrition and diabetes education services. For additional information, please call (614) 566- 8934. To schedule an appointment, please call (614) 566- 1111.

References http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/types-of- diabetes-mellitus http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/risk/age/youth.htm http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/types-of- diabetes-mellitus http://rmhealthy.com/10-common-symptoms- of-diabetes/10/ http://www.webmd.com/diabetes/risk-factors- for-diabetes http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/diabetes/basics/definition/con- 20033091?reDate=25022015 http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes- basics/statistics/#sthash.bCv3DuNX.dpuf https://www.ohiohealth.com/ohiohealthprogra ms/