Th. Nov. 11 Two possible extra credit events (probably the last): NH Astronomical Society: Objects in the Night Sky. Tues. Nov. 16, 6:30-8 pm, MH102 NH Astronomical Society: Objects in the Night Sky. Tues. Nov. 16, 6:30-8 pm, MH102 River of Words Opening: Thursday, November 18, at 6:30 pm in Pierce Hall River of Words Opening: Thursday, November 18, at 6:30 pm in Pierce Hall Other due dates: Final projects – Paper is due Dec. 1 or 3 Final projects – Paper is due Dec. 1 or 3 Presentation last week of lab Dec. 8 or 10 Presentation last week of lab Dec. 8 or 10 Exam 3 is during finals week – 12:15 Lecture: Sun. Dec. 12, 3:15 pm 12:15 Lecture: Sun. Dec. 12, 3:15 pm 1:40 Lecture: Mon. Dec. 13, 1 pm 1:40 Lecture: Mon. Dec. 13, 1 pm

Time to choose classes! ES102 – Same lecture times; ES102 – Same lecture times;Labs: ES Wed :50 Koning ES Wed :50 Koning ES Wed. 2-3:50 Singleton ES Wed. 2-3:50 Singleton ES Wed. 4-5:50 Singleton ES Wed. 4-5:50 Singleton ES Fri :50 Koning ES Fri :50 Koning ES Fri. 12-1:50 Rolke ES Fri. 12-1:50 Rolke

Environmental classes for Freshmen ES/BI214 Coastal Ecology – 3 credits, meets 6 times during the semester, goes to Cape Cod May $800 course fee! ES/BI214 Coastal Ecology – 3 credits, meets 6 times during the semester, goes to Cape Cod May $800 course fee! ES210 Evolution of Env. Thought – Harris – Tu, Th 10:50-12:05 ES210 Evolution of Env. Thought – Harris – Tu, Th 10:50-12:05 ES240 Creating Sustainable Communities – Koning – Tu, Th 9:25-10:40 ES240 Creating Sustainable Communities – Koning – Tu, Th 9:25-10:40 Other options for upperclass students – Wildlife Conservation, Evol. Biol. Other options for upperclass students – Wildlife Conservation, Evol. Biol.

“Environmental Estrogens” =Endocrine disruptors =Endocrine disruptors Male fish producing eggs… Male fish producing eggs… Mutant frogs… Mutant frogs… Declining sperm counts… Declining sperm counts… What is causing it? What is causing it? Question for Environmental Health and Toxicology specialists Question for Environmental Health and Toxicology specialists Connects to many environmental problems Connects to many environmental problems

Agriculture A. Global food supply and demand B. Soils C. Impacts of agriculture D. Sustainable agriculture

How do environmental estrogens relate to the topic of agriculture? 1. Some pesticides act like hormones 2. Fertilizers can combine with soil to create estrogen-like chemicals 3. People who are undernourished are more susceptible to the diseases caused by env. estrogens

What are the problems with global, industrial agriculture? 1. Conversion of habitat to farms 2. Pesticide and fertilizer pollution 3. Farms produce greenhouse gases 4. Loss of soil fertility 5. All of the above

A. Global food supply & demand 15% of people in the world are chronically undernourished (<2200 cal/day); Down from 60% in 1960! 15% of people in the world are chronically undernourished (<2200 cal/day); Down from 60% in 1960! Pop. Has increased by 1.7% per yr, food prodn has increased by 2.2% per yr (last 45 yrs.) Pop. Has increased by 1.7% per yr, food prodn has increased by 2.2% per yr (last 45 yrs.)

Why did food production increase? “Green Revolution” – 1950’s – post WWII “Green Revolution” – 1950’s – post WWII Industrial agriculture: Industrial agriculture: Machinery to plant, cultivate, harvest Machinery to plant, cultivate, harvest Chemical fertilizers Chemical fertilizers Chemical pesticides – kill weeds, insects Chemical pesticides – kill weeds, insects

How does pop. Growth in China encourage habitat destruction in Brazil? 1. Many Chinese are migrating to Brazil and building homes 2. China imports a lot of Brazilian wood 3. China imports a lot of Brazilian soybeans 4. China imports a lot of Brazilian beef

Malnutrition = not the right mix of foods – still a problem ; kills 10 million children per yr 1 Malnutrition = not the right mix of foods – still a problem ; kills 10 million children per yr 1 Most of world food calories (>60%) come from wheat, rice and corn Most of world food calories (>60%) come from wheat, rice and corn Food security=having access to the right mix of foods Food security=having access to the right mix of foods 1 al-hunger-issues/malnutrition.html

Lack of food security is one of the main causes of armed conflict (ex.: Rwanda genocide)

Protein Most malnourishment= lack of protein Most malnourishment= lack of protein US - too much protein (meat) and 61% are overweight US - too much protein (meat) and 61% are overweight Producing all that protein: Producing all that protein: Cattle, pigs – big env. impacts

Protein Seafood also good protein Seafood also good protein 90% of commercial fish species are overharvested 90% of commercial fish species are overharvested Fish farming – destroys habitat, brings disease to wild fish, concentrates toxins, fed wild fish! Fish farming – destroys habitat, brings disease to wild fish, concentrates toxins, fed wild fish!

So…why is there malnutrition in the world? 1. Not enough overall food production 2. Not enough protein production 3. Not enough access to correct mix of food 4. Not enough access to fresh fruits and veggies

B. Soil Resources Soil type determined by: 1. Parent material – materials in which soils formed. Bedrock or material moved by glaciers, wind, water. 2. Climate – rain leaches out material 3. Topography – ex.: steep slopes, thin soil 4. Biology – microbes, plants 5. Time Glacial drift

Soil formation 1. Weather disintegrates parent material 2. Organic matter helps break down rock 3. Horizons form from mineral fragments, OM 4. Soil now supports plants, which build more soil Takes 450 yrs to create 1 inch of soil!