Read Rosenwein, p for lecture on Tuesday Finish reading “How to Read a Primary Source”, Tacitus’ Germania, and the Lex Salica for section tomorrow (always bring the reading for section to class with you on Fridays)

The Rise of Christianity doctrine Paul of Tarsus (d. 67 AD) sacraments pontifex maximus sacral unity Colossus of Constantine, Rome, c

ecumenical councils First Council of Nicaea (325 AD) Emperor Constantine (r AD) Damasus I ( ) -Pope (papa/father) Gregory the Great ( )

Trinity – 3 persons (Father, Son, Holy Spirit) in 1 Godhead -co-equal, co-eternal, and consubstantial Dual Nature of Christ – Jesus is fully human and fully divine Diagram of the Trinity

Nicene Creed (first official statement of Christian Doctrine) “We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, begotten of the Father, the only-begotten; that is, of the essence of the Father, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father; By whom all things were made both in heaven and on earth; Who for us men, and for our salvation, came down and was incarnate and was made man; He suffered, and the third day he rose again, and ascended into heaven; From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead. And in the Holy Ghost. But those who say: 'There was a time when he (Jesus) was not;' and 'He was not before he was made;' and 'He was made out of nothing,' or 'He is of another substance' or 'essence,' or 'The Son of God is created,' or 'changeable,' or 'alterable'—they are condemned by the holy catholic and apostolic Church.” (325 version; adjustments were made in 381 at the Council of Constantinople)

Heresy (any unorthodox belief) Arianism – Trinitarian heresy (Arius, d. 336) - Son was created by the Father; Father is greater than the Son Donatism – sacramental heresy (Bishop Donatus Magnus, d. 355) - Priests without grace cannot convey grace traditores (those who had handed over books) Arian Baptistry, Ravenna, Italy, c. 500

Constantinian Revolution Edict of Milan (313 AD) – legalizes Christianity Emperor Theodosius - makes Christianity the official religion in 380 Horrible Histories Romans vs Christians Chi-Rho with Alpha and Omega

Helios / Sol Invictus

Helios vase

Christ Helios, Mausoleum of the Julii (under St. Peter’s Basilica), Rome, c

syncretism Egyptian Gospel Pentecost Clerical celibacy Augustine of Hippo ( )