1 Welcome to learn Pathophysiology ！ Medical College of Henan University Zheng Hong

2 chapter 1 Introduction

3 Content The methods of investigation The task,position and content of pathophysiology 5 3 The history

4 The concept of pathophysiology Pathophysiology is to study the mechanisms of the occurrence, development and outcome of the diseases.

5 Basic Medicine Clinical medicine Pathophysiology bridge bridge course

6 Pathophysiology Physiology Different objects ill body normal body Pathology Different content formfunction 第二节 病理生理学的主要研究方法

7 Content 1. Pandect 2.Fundamental Pathological Process 3.SystemicPathophysiology

8 General Concept of Disease The concept of disease, the occurrence and development of disease.

9 Fundamental Pathological Process Fundamental Pathological Process Changes in a variety of diseases Changes in a variety of diseases in common, complete function, metabolism. in common, complete function, metabolism. For example hypoxia, acidosis, shock, ect.

10 Systemic Pathophysiology some common pathophysiologic changes and its mechanism in the development process of different disease process of different disease in the important systems. in the important systems.

11 Rheumatic heart disease Pulmonary heart disease Hypertensive heart disease Ischemic heart disease Heart failure

12 How to study pathophysiology?

13 Learn actively Review the past courses Dare to question Pay attention to frontier Attach importance to practice

14 chapter 2 General Concept of Disease

15 Main content The reasons and conditions of disease 2 Recovery and death Concepts of illness, health and sub health 5 The rules and mechanisms of disease

16 1. What are health and disease? Health: a state of complete well-being in terms of body, mental and social application Sub-health: a transitional state from health to disease Disease: Abnormal life activity generated by disorder of hemostasis control in the presence of pathogenic factors

17 Sub-health Health Disease

18 2. How does disease occur? eteology (cause and condition of the disease) 2.1 cause Essential factors that determine the clinical features of the disease.

19 Including pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, Rickettsia etc). Pathogenic effect are related with the number of the main pathogen, pathogenicity and invade the host organism invasion and virulence and host defense and resistance. Usually show the infection process. Biological factors

20 physical/chemical factors ◆ physical factors Temperature Air pressure Electric current Ionizing radiation Mechanical force Frostbite, burns, heat stroke The diver disease Electric injury Radiation injury Trauma, fracture

21 ◆ chemical factors Acid, alkali, chemical poisons and toxic substances such as plants and animals Amanita verna

22 Nutritional factors All kinds of necessary or nutrient deficiency or excess Malnutritionvernutrition

23 genetic factors ◆ Gene mutation - > molecular disease For example: Hemophilia ◆ Chromosome aberration - > chromosome disease For example: hermaphroditism ◆ Susceptibility - > polygenic disease For example: schizophrenia, diabetes mellitus

24 Congenital factors Harelip Anencephaly

25 Immunological factors ◆ Allergic reactions (urticaria, bronchial asthma) ◆ Autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid) ◆ Immunodeficiency disease AIDS

26 psychological factors Stress disorders, abnormal personality, physical and mental diseases Unhealthy interpersonal relationship Emotionalreaction

27 condition factors affecting the disease ——state of the body or the environment, such as malnutrition  tuberculosis; infantrespiratory  respiratory infectious disease precipitating factors ： strengthen the role of promoting factors, causes of disease development. dangerous factors ： significantly associated with a disease.

28 The general rule of pathogenesis in disease 1. damage and anti-damage damage: defence anti-damage: adaptation compensation for example: food poisoning toxin vomiting, diarrhea (damage) (anti-damage)

29 How do etiology agents lead disease? Pathogenesis General rules and basic mechanisms

30 2. reverse of cause-result for example: food toxication diarrhea dehydration low blood volume acidosis shock 3. part and whole

31 basic mechanisms 1.nervous mechanism injury of nervous system cause disease disturbance of the function injury: epidemic meningitis, cephalitis, poliomyelitis functional hypertension, disturbance: hepatic encephalopathy

32 2. humoral mechanism pathogenic alteration of the volume and agent activity of humoral factors disturbance of the homeostasis disease hormone humoral general humoral factor factor local humoral factor cellular factor

33 endocrine paracrine autocrine

34 3. cellular mechanism cause damage of cells disease mitochondria cause lysosome

35 for example: injury of cell membrane cellular edema free injury of mitochondria ATP radical injury of lysosome autolysis

36 4. Molecular mechanism cause effect of the nucleic acid, protein and enzyme disease

37 Outcome of disease complete 1. recovery incomplete 2. death concept of brain death death of irreversible coma standard of cerebrum appearance of liner EEG brain death (electroencephalogram) death of dilated pupil brain-stem stop of respiration absent of nervous reflex

38 The significance of brain death as death sign To accurately determine the time of death, saving medical resources To provide more and better organ for transplantation Clicinal diagnosis of brain death and vegetative state

39 Liu hairuo Terri Schiavo

40 See you next!