“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!” Communication and ATC “Breaker, Breaker One Nine, we have a problem”

RoadmapRoadmap  VHF Communication Equipment  Radio Operations at uncontrolled fields  Radio Operations at controlled fields  Lost Communications Procedures  VHF Communication Equipment  Radio Operations at uncontrolled fields  Radio Operations at controlled fields  Lost Communications Procedures

VHF Communication Equipment  VHF Range  118 – MHz  Limited to line of Sight  Buildings, terrain, or curvature of the earth block radio waves  Antennas  Military - UHF  VHF Range  118 – MHz  Limited to line of Sight  Buildings, terrain, or curvature of the earth block radio waves  Antennas  Military - UHF

Using the Radio  Professional Phraseology (AIM Pilot Controller Glossary)  No Slang, CB Jargon, ETC.  Brief transmissions  State who, where, and what  English recommended by ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)  If not official language – state must make it available  Phonetic Alphabet  Professional Phraseology (AIM Pilot Controller Glossary)  No Slang, CB Jargon, ETC.  Brief transmissions  State who, where, and what  English recommended by ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)  If not official language – state must make it available  Phonetic Alphabet

Using the Radio (cont’d)  Numbers  “Niner”  Decimal point – (135.4)  N – Numbers  Combination of five letters and numbers  All registered U.S. aircraft begin with “N”  Numbers  “Niner”  Decimal point – (135.4)  N – Numbers  Combination of five letters and numbers  All registered U.S. aircraft begin with “N”

Numbers on Radio

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)  24 Hour clock system  International standard time (Zulu Time)  Places entire world on one standard time zone  Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)  If it is 1300 local in South Bend, what time is it in Greenwich?  24 Hour clock system  International standard time (Zulu Time)  Places entire world on one standard time zone  Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)  If it is 1300 local in South Bend, what time is it in Greenwich? Time Conversion Table To Convert From:To UTC (Zulu) Eastern Standard TimeAdd 5 Hours Central Standard TimeAdd 6 Hours Mountain Standard TimeAdd 7 Hours Pacific Standard TimeAdd 8 Hours NOTE: For daylight time, subtract 1 hour from the conversion time before converting to UTC (Zulu).

Radio Procedures at Uncontrolled Fields  CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency)  Receive Airport Advisories  Activate Pilot Control Lighting  Found in AF/D (Airport Facilities Directory)  Self – Announced Broadcasting of Intentions  Not required, but good practice  CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency)  Receive Airport Advisories  Activate Pilot Control Lighting  Found in AF/D (Airport Facilities Directory)  Self – Announced Broadcasting of Intentions  Not required, but good practice

UNICOMUNICOM  Privately Owned – not official  CTAF will be designated Unicom  Request:  Airport Advisory  Winds / Active Runway  Known Traffic  Services (ex. Fueling, Cab, Pizza)  Privately Owned – not official  CTAF will be designated Unicom  Request:  Airport Advisory  Winds / Active Runway  Known Traffic  Services (ex. Fueling, Cab, Pizza)

Airport Advisory Area  FSS (Flight Service Station) on the Field  Extends 10 sm  FSS contacted on CTAF (123.6)  Wind direction  Favored runway  Traffic pattern information  FSS (Flight Service Station) on the Field  Extends 10 sm  FSS contacted on CTAF (123.6)  Wind direction  Favored runway  Traffic pattern information

Self – Announcing Procedures  Announce on CTAF/UNICOM  Use MULTICOM (122.9 MHz) only if there is no tower, FSS, or CTAF/UNICOM  MULTICOM provides air-to-air communications for pilots to self – announce position and intentions  Announce on CTAF/UNICOM  Use MULTICOM (122.9 MHz) only if there is no tower, FSS, or CTAF/UNICOM  MULTICOM provides air-to-air communications for pilots to self – announce position and intentions

CTAF Procedures  Initial call made 10 miles from airport  Use airport’s name at the beginning and end of transmission  Report entering traffic pattern  Report departing the traffic pattern  Communicate on CTAF taxi and departure intentions  Use CTAF when maneuvering (in traffic pattern)  Enroute / Overflight  Initial call made 10 miles from airport  Use airport’s name at the beginning and end of transmission  Report entering traffic pattern  Report departing the traffic pattern  Communicate on CTAF taxi and departure intentions  Use CTAF when maneuvering (in traffic pattern)  Enroute / Overflight

Radio Procedure at Controlled Fields  Airspace?  ATC Facilities  (1) - Clearance Delivery  2 - Ground Control  3 - Control Tower  (4) - Departure / Approach Control  Airspace?  ATC Facilities  (1) - Clearance Delivery  2 - Ground Control  3 - Control Tower  (4) - Departure / Approach Control

Departure Procedures  Controlled Airports  Receive clearance to taxi, takeoff, and subsequently leave airspace  At large airports with heavy traffic departure procedures can be complex  ATIS (automated terminal information service)  Controlled Airports  Receive clearance to taxi, takeoff, and subsequently leave airspace  At large airports with heavy traffic departure procedures can be complex  ATIS (automated terminal information service)

Clearance Delivery  Air Traffic Control Clearance  Authorization by ATC for you to proceed under specific traffic condition within controlled airspace  Prevent collisions  Must read back all clearances  Used for VFR flights in Class B and Class C.  Always for IFR flights  Air Traffic Control Clearance  Authorization by ATC for you to proceed under specific traffic condition within controlled airspace  Prevent collisions  Must read back all clearances  Used for VFR flights in Class B and Class C.  Always for IFR flights

Ground Control  ATC function  Directing movement of aircraft and other vehicles on the airport surface  Must have clearance to operate on surface  Progressive Taxi  At unfamiliar airports the controller will, upon request, provide you with detailed taxi instructions to where you want to go  May be in stages  ATC function  Directing movement of aircraft and other vehicles on the airport surface  Must have clearance to operate on surface  Progressive Taxi  At unfamiliar airports the controller will, upon request, provide you with detailed taxi instructions to where you want to go  May be in stages

Control Tower  Takeoff/Landing Clearance  “Taxi into position and hold”  “Hold Short”  Specific heading and turns after takeoff  Takeoff/Landing Clearance  “Taxi into position and hold”  “Hold Short”  Specific heading and turns after takeoff

Departure Control  Provide radar coverage and sequencing of aircraft  Radar Contact  Aircraft identified by ATC and flight following will be provided  Flight Following  Controller observing your progress while you provide your own navigation  Provide radar coverage and sequencing of aircraft  Radar Contact  Aircraft identified by ATC and flight following will be provided  Flight Following  Controller observing your progress while you provide your own navigation

Approach Control  ATC function which provides sequencing and separation services for inbound aircraft  Frequencies are published on sectionals and broadcasted over ATIS  Multiple freqs for large airports  ATC function which provides sequencing and separation services for inbound aircraft  Frequencies are published on sectionals and broadcasted over ATIS  Multiple freqs for large airports

Lost Comms Procedures  Can lose communications and still land at an airport with operating control tower  Procedures:  Squawk 7600 (transponder code)  Determine flow of traffic  Join the traffic pattern and maintain visual contact with control tower to receive light gun signals  Acknowledge tower transmission by rocking wings (daytime) or blinking your landing light (night)  Can lose communications and still land at an airport with operating control tower  Procedures:  Squawk 7600 (transponder code)  Determine flow of traffic  Join the traffic pattern and maintain visual contact with control tower to receive light gun signals  Acknowledge tower transmission by rocking wings (daytime) or blinking your landing light (night)

Light Gun Signals ColorTypeGroundAir SteadyCleared for TakeoffCleared to Land FlashingCleared to TaxiReturn for Landing SteadyStopGive way & continue to circle FlashingClear Area of Landing Airport Unsafe, Do Not Land FlashingReturn to StartN/A AlternatingExercise Extreme Caution

“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!” Sequence of Events

Uncontrolled Field Departing  ASOS  Announce:  Taxi (for takeoff)  Departing  Takeoff  Traffic Pattern  Clear of Airport Departing  ASOS  Announce:  Taxi (for takeoff)  Departing  Takeoff  Traffic Pattern  Clear of Airport Arriving  ASOS  Announce:  10NM out  Intentions  5NM out  Entrance to pattern  Traffic Pattern  Entering  Turning Legs  Exiting Runway  Taxiing to parking Arriving  ASOS  Announce:  10NM out  Intentions  5NM out  Entrance to pattern  Traffic Pattern  Entering  Turning Legs  Exiting Runway  Taxiing to parking

Class B & C Departing  ATIS  Clearance Delivery  Ground  Tower  Departure Departing  ATIS  Clearance Delivery  Ground  Tower  Departure Arriving  ATIS  Approach  Tower  Ground Arriving  ATIS  Approach  Tower  Ground

Class D & E* Departing  ATIS  Ground  Tower Departing  ATIS  Ground  Tower Arriving  ATIS  Tower  Ground Arriving  ATIS  Tower  Ground * Towered Class E is extremely rare, but does exist

“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!” ExampleExample

ATISATIS “South Bend airport information Kilo, 2153 zulu weather. Winds 12. Visibility 7. Sky conditions, overcast 2,700. Temperature 12, dewpoint 9. Altimeter Landing and departing runways 27L and 27R. Notice to airman, there is a 100 foot crane located 2NM off the departure end of 27R. Taxiway Lima is closed for construction. Advise on initial contact you have information Kilo.”

Clearance Delivery N22ND: South Bend Clearance, N22ND. Clearance: N22ND, South Bend Clearance. N22ND: Clearance, 2ND would like to depart VFR to the east heading 090, 3,500, information Kilo. Clearance: N2ND, squawk 4316, departure frequency , maintain VFR at or below 2,500 until advised. N22ND: Squawk 4316, departure frequency , maintain VFR at or below 2,500 until advised, 2ND. Clearance: N2ND, read back correct. N22ND: South Bend Clearance, N22ND. Clearance: N22ND, South Bend Clearance. N22ND: Clearance, 2ND would like to depart VFR to the east heading 090, 3,500, information Kilo. Clearance: N2ND, squawk 4316, departure frequency , maintain VFR at or below 2,500 until advised. N22ND: Squawk 4316, departure frequency , maintain VFR at or below 2,500 until advised, 2ND. Clearance: N2ND, read back correct.

Ground Control N22ND: Ground, N22ND is at Corporate Wings, ready for VFR taxi. Ground: N2ND, taxi to runway 27R. N22ND: Taxi to 27R, 2ND. N22ND: Ground, N22ND is at Corporate Wings, ready for VFR taxi. Ground: N2ND, taxi to runway 27R. N22ND: Taxi to 27R, 2ND.

Tower Control N22ND: Tower, 2ND is ready for takeoff at 27R. Tower: N2ND, taxi into position and hold runway 27R. N22ND: 27R, taxi into position and hold, 2ND. Tower: N2ND, after departure turn right heading 070, maintain 2,500. Runway 27R, cleared for takeoff. N22ND: Turn right heading 070, 2,500, cleared for takeoff 27R, 2ND. ~~ Tower: N2ND, contact departure, have a nice flight. N22ND: Switching to departure, 2ND. N22ND: Tower, 2ND is ready for takeoff at 27R. Tower: N2ND, taxi into position and hold runway 27R. N22ND: 27R, taxi into position and hold, 2ND. Tower: N2ND, after departure turn right heading 070, maintain 2,500. Runway 27R, cleared for takeoff. N22ND: Turn right heading 070, 2,500, cleared for takeoff 27R, 2ND. ~~ Tower: N2ND, contact departure, have a nice flight. N22ND: Switching to departure, 2ND.

Departure Control N22ND: South Bend Departure, N22ND, passing 1,200 for 2,500. Departure: N22ND, climb and maintain 3,500, fly heading 080. N22ND: Climb and maintain 3,500, heading 080, 2ND. ~~ Departure: N2ND, traffic 3:00, 5 miles, northbound 3,000 feet. N22ND: Traffic in sight, 2ND. Departure: N2ND, proceed on course. N22ND: Proceed on course, 2ND. N22ND: South Bend Departure, N22ND, passing 1,200 for 2,500. Departure: N22ND, climb and maintain 3,500, fly heading 080. N22ND: Climb and maintain 3,500, heading 080, 2ND. ~~ Departure: N2ND, traffic 3:00, 5 miles, northbound 3,000 feet. N22ND: Traffic in sight, 2ND. Departure: N2ND, proceed on course. N22ND: Proceed on course, 2ND.

Any Questions?