Obstacles to development LS: Describe impacts towards LEDCs which can set back development. Understand and learn the history of the Colonial Trade period.

Starter Activity Below are names of LEDCs, using these countries, name a type of natural disaster which that country may be prone to. Also write down a human caused factor as well, if that country is mostly effected by a human cause. The first country has been done for you. Mexico: Earthquakes, Hurricanes, Volcanoes. Poverty. 1) Poland 2) Afghanistan 3) Ethiopia 4) Brazil 5) Serbia Below, look at the MEDC's. These MEDCs also experience suffering of natural disasters, explain why these countries have lower casualties, and can deal with the disasters more easily. -Germany -USA -France -Australia

The colonial period In the 18 th and 19 th Century, the Colonial period was around, the Colonial period basically Started world trade patterns, where development was colonised by countries in Europe. Colonies (An area of land owned by an independent country) created, and provided to Europe some of there goods, rich in agriculture, in which Europe could not establish, or even create in there land. This was a cheaper source towards Raw Material for Europe. Europeans made sure that the colonies they owned provided them with the raw materials, and kept there industries balanced. The colonisers still exist today, but as LEDCs, for example Indonesia, an LEDC in the Eastern world, provides the UK with Rice. Another example is Brazil to the US, a clear example of an LEDC providing the raw material, which is then traded towards an MEDC who hasn't got the material, an example of exporting material from Brazil to the US can be Soya beans. MEDCs do not provide Raw Material, but instead Manufactured material, and they often provide this material to LEDCs, in which LEDCs think they have to rely dependently on the MEDCs. Eg, Japan manufacture technology, for example the company Toyota produce Motor Vehicles, which can be sent to poorer and richer places in the world.

Debt – A high obstacle to development One of the biggest problems LEDCs face in development is Debt. Debt is the paying back of money to another country in which the LEDC took money to use. An example of money needed is for repairing damaged property after an earthquake. But when they are aided with this money, the country still has to pay back, and the money needed is 1) hard to get because LEDCs are poor in GDP and 2) The money could have been used for development, which can send slowly the country towards wealth. Some LEDCs try to avoid paying debt, by breaking free of a dependancy cycle. See below. Debt can not be paid because of the interest Debt grows as interest increases The country in debt becomes poorer Disasters occur, creating more loans

Natural disasters causing set back MEDCs have natural disasters as well as LEDCs, and can suffer some serious consequences, Hurricane Katrina hit the South Eastern part of the US in 2005, and the casualties for this disaster were fatal, even though America is an MEDC. LEDCs suffer disasters as bad as hurricane Katrina, or even worse, natural disasters is one of the main, and the top reason for development set back in most LEDCs, the reason it is a major problem is because of the money made, and put into development plans for an LEDCs government will be washed away when a natural disaster occurs, that money instead of being used for development has to be put in to repair medical centres, schools, homes and damaged infrastructure, which can cost billions. There are other effects here, where LEDCs borrow money from other countries to help repair there damage, creating debt (see slide 4) and putting more stress on the countries government. For your exam you need to know what natural disasters threaten LEDCs and how they destroy development. Drought – Drought destroys farming, farming is an important process in LEDCs, agriculture can be there primary source of making profit. Hurricanes (Tropical Storms)- Destroys lives, infrastructure, buildings, schools, health centres, crops etc, and costs for repair are expensive. Earthquakes (Tsunamis) – Earthquakes can be devastating, and destroys buildings, reduces employment, and puts money into the repairing of damage. Flooding – Heavy monsoons in countries like India make it hard for agriculture and work, flooding occurs for rainfall, which has been falling for 3 days or more. Repair of damage is expensive Volcanoes – See Earthquakes. Low Warnings can cause huge deaths, and low building standards. Climatic temperatures – Money is spent for survival, eg reservoirs and water supplies in hot temperatures Pests – Pests can destroy crops, and this reduces the amount of profit being made by farmers.

Moral issues for set back in LEDCs LEDCs can be rich in raw material, that of which can be rare to find in MEDCs, conflicts and wars can begin over these material, like who keeps what (for example fighting over oil at the Gaza strip, Israel) Which conflict and war occurs, this can kill people, and put stress on the countries government. Money has to be used for damage etc. Other issues which inflict damage to a country include infectious disease and poverty. You need to know about both of these for your exam as well. Poverty is the low standard of living of a family or group. People who lack water, food supply, shelter etc are classed as people of extreme poverty, and the money used for development is used for these people. But things like the poor health of these people can keep things back, for example Someone may have a bad diet, which can eventually lead to diseases like rickets. In LEDCs diseases that are infectious, and deadly can be carried around, whether its by vectors (Maleria) or fluids (AIDS) In Africa, Mosquitos live in the climate, and the climate is perfect, so they can leave parasites within there host, which can cause Maleria. Sex is frequent in LEDCs, and sex without protection can transfer STD's such as HIV or AIDs

Main task 1 Using Slide 5, select a natural disaster and write a case study which identifies the reasons for development set back, caused by that disaster. In your case study explain how the disaster causes set back in general, as well as detailing the impacts, and give information from how the specific country was impacted. Exam Style Questions 1) The colonial trade period was established in the 19 th - 20 th Century, in small colonies around the world. a) State what a colony is b) Explain why poorer LEDCs export raw material, rather than exporting Manufactured material. 2) LEDCs are more effected by natural disasters. Using atleast one named example, explain why LEDCs struggle to develop because of the serious impacts of these disasters. 3) Describe how the dependency cycle is a big problem for LEDCs in debt. 4) Outline why giving aid to LEDCs can still be a struggle for there country. In your answer include how aid can set a country into debt and also how LEDCs may try to aviod paying back.