6:3 Jefferson’s Presidency The rise of political parties influenced the election of 1800, bringing Thomas Jefferson and a new outlook to the presidency.

Remember how presidents were elected??

A heated election Federalists attacked Jefferson:  Too pro-French  Jefferson wants to destroy organized religion—he is too interested in science and philosophy! Democratic- Republicans attacked Adams:  Those horrible Alien and Sedition Acts!  He wants to become king and limit our rights.

Well… In 1796, John Adams had his bitter, political opponent, Thomas Jefferson, serve as his VP. In 1800, the Democratic Republicans hoped that TJ would get the most votes with Aaron Burr as his VP. There was a tie! Between Burr and Jefferson

Now What? The Federalist-controlled House of Reps would decide the winner. Which one did they dislike less? It took 36 tries at voting to not result in a tie Perhaps, Burr’s rival, Alexander Hamilton helped persuade enough reps for Jefferson to win.

Hamilton v. Burr Burr never forgave Hamilton. He also blamed Hamilton for preventing him from being elected NY governor. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and Hamilton died, so did Burr’s political career.

12 th Amendment Ratifed in Electors must cast separate ballots for president and vice president

Jefferson Makes Changes After a bitter election, TJ preached unity and tolerance during his inaugural address. He moved to a smaller government, reduced taxes, and reduced the size of the executive department staff Since it was peacetime, he reduced the size of the army and navy—until merchants started coming under attack from Barbary pirates in North Africa He established the Military Academy at West Point

Louisiana Purchase In 1800, Spain gave the Louisiana Territory back to France, who was ruled by Napoleon. The U.S. was concerned about the new French neighbors. Under the Pinckney Treaty, Spain was supposed to protect our access to the Miss. River. In 1802, they closed of the area and gave control to France.

A Plan Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to purchase New Orleans and West Florida. Because of some problems in Haiti (a big slave rebellion), Napoleon decided not to expand in North America, so he had Tallyrand offer the whole Louisiana Territory to the U.S.

A Quandary… Did Monroe have the authority to agree? Did he have time to get Jefferson’s approval? Monroe sensed he had to go for it, so in 1803 he signed the agreement. $15 million nearly doubled the size of our country.

But…was it Constitutional??? Jeffersonian Democrats-Yes!  It is implicit in his power to make treaties. Federalists-No!  Feared that new states would be dominated by Democratic Republicans.  In the end…it was approved.

Lewis and Clark Expedition territory territory

Zebulon Pike Travelled up the upper Mississippi River. He went to the Southwest, to Arkansas. He gathered information about the economy and defenses of Spanish New Mexico and Texas. He reported that the central plains were too dry for settlement.

Changes to the Supreme Court The Federalists, knowing they were losing control after the election of 1800 looked for ways to increase their power in the judicial branch. Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 just before their terms ended. It created new positions in the judiciary. John Adams quickly filled those jobs with Federalists.

The new appointments had to be delivered to the new judges. Not all of them were delivered before Jefferson was to take office the next day. James Madison, the new Secretary of State refused to deliver the papers to these “midnight judges” William Marbury was one that did not get his papers. He asked the Supreme Court to order Madison to deliver the papers, with the authority of the Judiciary Act of 1789.

The Court ruled… The Supreme Court did not have the power to order Madison to deliver the papers. The Supreme Court was an appellate court, it could only hear appeals. The Judiciary Act of 1789 had tried to expand those powers, the Court ruled that law unconstitutional. Establishes judicial review: the Supreme Court’s right to declare that a law (Acts of Congress) violates the Constitution

HW: Create a 2 sentence summary of the following events: The election of 1800 The Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Marbury vs. Madison