Warm Up Happy Halloween! 10/31/14 Let’s REBOO! 1.What do Federalists want again? 2.What do Antifederalists want? 3.How might the debate between the two play out in politics today? Place your Presidents assignment on the corner of your desk for collection during warm up. Thanks! Unit 1 Tests will be graded and returned to you next block, Wed. 11/5. The grade will not be on this 9 weeks.

Debate over Governmental Power Persists

Ratification of the Constitution did not end debate on the issue of governmental power. Elements of Federalist and Anti- Federalist thought are reflected in contemporary political debate on issues such as the size and role of government, federalism, and the protection of individual rights. In other words, political leaders today debate some of the same topics that divided the Federalists and Anti-Federalists more than 200 years ago.

Today, those who see a primary role for the federal government in solving national problems are heirs to the Federalist tradition.

Today, Americans who hold more conservative beliefs echo the concerns of the Anti-Federalists and champion liberty, individual initiative, and free markets (business and trade without government regulation or rules).

How does this relate to me? Money/Banks Services Roads School Power Individual Freedom Health Care Security War/Military Emergency Aid

The Emergence of a Two-Party System 1.Grab a piece of loose leaf paper. 2.Choose and sit with a partner. One person will be #1. One person will be #2. Decide who is who. 3.We’ll be taking notes a little bit differently today. Pay close attention for directions as we go! 4.Title your paper:

Following ratification of the Constitution, George Washington was elected the first president of the United States. During Washington’s presidency, it became clear that key members of his cabinet differed on several key principles and issues that faced the new nation. Different views of economic and foreign policy issues led to the development of the first American political parties. A political party is a group of people with similar beliefs about how the government should be run. The first two political parties were the Democratic- Republicans and the Federalists. Your Notes Cause  Effect _____________________  _______ ______________________________ First 2 political parties= _____- _______ & ________________

Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton recommended that President Washington support creation of a national bank called the Bank of the United States. A question emerged in Washington’s cabinet whether creation of the Bank of the United States would violate the Constitution. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson argued it did, while Hamilton argued it did not. Take 4 minutes to… Discuss with your partner. Partner #1: Read & explain the situation below to partner #2. Write your partner’s response on your paper. Partner #2: Do you think a National Bank would violate the Constitution? Why/Why not? Is this an easy decision/determination to make? Partner #1: For what might a National Bank be useful? Should all states have a common currency? How does that make trade easier?

President Washington sided with Hamilton and Congress passed a new law establishing the First Bank of the United States. This basic philosophical difference between Hamilton and Jefferson regarding the power of the federal government led Jefferson to resign his position as secretary of state and organize the Democratic-Republican Party. National Bank? YES: GW & Hamilton NO: Jefferson  creates a new political party  Democratic-Republican

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison led the Democratic- Republican Party, which was the first organized opposition political party. The Democratic Republicans believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy. They were supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers in the south.

Alexander Hamilton and John Adams led the Federalist Party. The Federalists believed in a strong national government and commercial economy. They were supported by bankers and business interests in the northeast.

While the Democratic-Republicans favored a close relationship between the United States and France, the Federalists wanted the United States to forge a close relationship with Great Britain.

The Federalists’ attitude toward Great Britain led the Federalists to support the controversial Jay Treaty, which the Washington administration negotiated (worked out) in The Jay Treaty, also known as Jay’s Treaty, aimed at settling trade and boundary disputes between the United States and Great Britain. Partner #2 explain this situation to Partner #1.

John Adams won election as president at the end of Washington’s second term. At this time, France was at war with other European nations. During Adams’ presidency, the French conducted attacks on American shipping involved in trade with France’s European enemies. Although a Federalist himself, President Adams resisted pressure from Hamilton and other members of the Federalist Party, who wanted a declaration of war against France. Instead, Adams pursued an undeclared naval war against France until a new government took over there and agreed to respect the neutrality of American ships. Partner #1 explain what’s in purple to your partner. Partner #2 explain what’s in green to your partner.

In short, controversy over the Federalists’ support for the Bank of the United States, the Jay Treaty, and an undeclared war on France contributed to the emergence of an organized opposition party, the Democratic- Republicans.

John Adams lost his reelection bid, in large part because of a lack of support within his own political party. The election of 1800, won by Thomas Jefferson, was the first American presidential election in which power was peacefully transferred from one political party to another.

Check yourself! Try your hand at the FITB notes in “The Election of 1800” section. We’ll go over it together in a couple minutes. Remember, you keep the FITB notes. You’ll turn in your loose leaf paper notes today.

Presidential Check Quick! Jot down the first 16 presidents. How many can your remember now?

Back to your loose leaf notes, Title the next section: John Marshall and the Power of the Supreme Court

Shortly before he left office, President Adams appointed John Marshall, a Federalist from Virginia, as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. For the next nearly 35 years, Marshall presided over the Supreme Court, which made several key decisions under his leadership. Important legal precedents established by the Marshall Court strengthened the role of the U.S. Supreme Court as an equal branch of the national government. Why would Adams appoint John Marshall just before he left office? Why not let the next president do that?

In the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court established judicial review, which is the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional. In this instance, the Supreme Court ruled a federal law passed by Congress violated the Constitution.

In the 1819 case of McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court further established the power of the federal government over the states by setting forth the doctrine of implied powers. In this case, the state of Maryland passed a law requiring the taxing of a branch of the Bank of the United States located in Maryland. The Supreme Court ruled that not only did Congress have the power to establish the Bank of the United States, but that states do not have the authority to tax instruments of the national government which carry out constitutional powers. The Maryland law was ruled to be unconstitutional. Partner #1 explain situation to partner #2. Both write what’s in bold.

In the 1824 case of Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court set forth a broadly national view of economic affairs. This case involved the state of New York’s regulations for steamboats, which did business between New York and New Jersey. The Supreme Court ruled in this case that the federal government had complete control over interstate commerce (trade between states). Partner #2 explain situation to partner #1. Both write what’s in bold.

By the doctrine of judicial review (Marbury v. Madison), the doctrine of implied powers (McCulloch v. Maryland), and a broadly national view of economic affairs (Gibbons v. Ogden) the Supreme Court under John Marshall provided the foundation blocks of the Supreme Court’s authority to mediate disagreements between branches of government, levels of government, and competing business interests.

Check yourself! Try your hand at the FITB notes in “Establishing the Supreme Court’s Authority” section. We’ll go over it together in a couple minutes. Remember, you keep the FITB notes. You’ll turn in your loose leaf paper notes today.