Properties of Gases Gases uniformly fill any container Gases are easily compressed Gases mix completely with any other gas Gases exert pressure on their surroundings
Measuring barometric pressure The barometer Invented by Evangelista Torricelli in 1643 Units mm Hg (torr) 760 torr = 1 atm newtons/m 2 (pascal (Pa)) 101,325 Pa = 1 atm 101,325 Pa = kPa Atmospheres 1 atm = standard pressure
Boyle’s law (Robert Boyle) The product of pressure times volume is a constant, provided the temperature and number of moles remains the same Pressure and volume are inversely related Volume increases linearly as the pressure decreases (1/P)
Boyle’s Law Continued…… At constant temperature, Boyle’s Law can be used to fine a new volume or pressure Boyle’s law works best at low pressures Gases that obey Boyle’s Law are called Ideal Gases
Charles’ Law (Jacques Charles) The volume of a gas increases linearly with temperature provided the pressure and number of moles remain constant. Temperature and volume are directly proportional
Charles’ Law continued……….. Temperature must be measured in degrees Kelvin K = o C 0 K is “absolute zero”
Avogadro’s Law (Amedeo Avogadro) For a gas at constant temperature and pressure, the volume is directly proportional to the number of moles.
Combined gas law – (n remaining constant)
Derived from existing laws……. V = k/P, V = bT and V = an V = (k)(b)(a)(Tn/P) Constants k, b and a are combined into the universal gas constant R and…..
Limitations of the Ideal Gas Law Works well at low pressure and high temperatures Most gases do not behave ideally above 1 atm Does not work well near the condensation conditions of a gas
Variations of the Ideal Gas Law Density Molar Mass of a gas
At Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) T = K (0 o C) P = 1 atm (760 torr or kPa) 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 L of volume Remember…….. Density = mass/volume and moles (n)= grams/molar mass