The Energy Topics aka cellular respiration and photosynthesis (how does this relate to the five characteristics of living things?)

Cells and energy Why is energy important? To do all the things cells do Where do cells get energy? Ultimately from the molecule ATP Which they make from ADP Which they make from AMP (sometimes) Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds

What about food? Organism burn glucose What is the chemical formula for the reaction combining glucose with oxygen: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

Glucose is the food molecule all this starts with The bond energy in glucose is what the cell is going to use Catabolism is the breakdown of glucose in small steps

Making ATP without oxygen This is the chemical reaction that we were talking about that happens in the cytoplasm

Glycolysis (starting to use glucose) Reactions take place in the cytoplasm Cells uses 2 ATP to break the C6 into two C3-P These are converted into 2 pyruvic acids which uses 2 NAD and produces 4 ATP and 2 NADH Net gain of 2 ATP for every glucose Glycolysis stops if NAD is not regenerated from NADH

Fermentation is a good thing The process of regeneration of NAD is called fermentation Two kinds of fermentation Lactic acid fermentation Alcohol fermentation

Respiration Release of energy from glucose in the presence of oxygen The Krebs cycle –Pyruvic acid goes in from glycolysis –One C split off as CO2, 2C combines with 4C to form citric acid –Citric acid broken down to 5C, 4C generates 2 ATP, CO2 and FADH2 and NADH Electron transport –Uses FADH2 and NADH to make 24 ATP, and H2O, regenerates FAD and NAD

Total breakdown of glucose In the cytoplasm: –Glycolysis2 ATP In the Mitochondria: –Krebs Cycle2 ATP –Electron Transport32 ATP Total ATP from one molecule of glucose –36 ATP