What Is Chemistry? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. 1.1

What Is Chemistry? Because living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events. 1.1

Areas of Study What are five traditional areas of study in chemistry? 1.1

Areas of Study Five traditional areas of study are organic chemistry inorganic chemistry biochemistry analytical chemistry physical chemistry 1.1

Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon. Areas of Study 1.1

Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon. Areas of Study 1.1

The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry. Areas of Study 1.1

Analytical chemistry is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter. Areas of Study 1.1

Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change. Areas of Study 1.1

Pure and Applied Chemistry How are pure and applied chemistry related? 1.1

Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake. Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application. 1.1

Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure research can lead directly to an application, but an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works. 1.1

Pure and Applied Chemistry Nylon In the early 1930’s, Wallace Carothers produced nylon while researching cotton and silk. A team of scientists and engineers applied Carothers’s research to the commercial production of nylon. 1.1

Pure and Applied Chemistry Aspirin Long before researchers figured out how aspirin works, people used it to relieve pain, and doctors prescribed it for patients who were at risk for a heart attack. In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block the production of a group of chemicals that cause pain and lead to the formation of blood clots. This is an example of pure research. 1.1

Why Study Chemistry? What are some general reasons to study chemistry? 1.1

Why Study Chemistry? Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens. 1.1

Why Study Chemistry? Explaining the Natural World Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work. 1.1

Why Study Chemistry? Preparing For a Career Many careers require knowledge of chemistry. A photographer uses chemical processes to control the development of photographs in a darkroom. 1.1

Why Study Chemistry? Being an Informed Citizen Knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action. 1.1

Why Study Chemistry? You need it to graduate!!!!!

Materials What impact do chemists have on materials, energy, medicine, agriculture, the environment, and the study of the universe? 1.2

Materials In 1948, George de Mestral took a close look at the burrs that stuck to his clothing. He saw that each burr was covered with many tiny hooks. In 1955, de Mestral patented the design for the hook-and- loop tapes. These are used as fasteners in shoes and gloves. 1.2

Materials This story illustrates two ways of looking at the world—the macroscopic view and the microscopic view. Burrs belong to the macroscopic world, the world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye. The hooks belong to the microscopic world, or the world of objects that can be seen only under magnification. 1.2

Energy Chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy. 1.2

Energy Conservation One of the easiest ways to conserve energy is through insulation. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat flow from the inside to the outside of a house or from the outside to the inside of a freezer. 1.2

Energy SEAgel is a modern insulation that is light enough to float on soap bubbles. 1.2

Energy Production The burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas is a major source of energy. These materials are called fossil fuels. Oil from the soybeans is used to make biodiesel. 1.2

Energy Storage Batteries are devices that use chemicals to store energy that will be released as electric current. For some applications, it important to have batteries that can be recharged rather than thrown away. Digital cameras, wireless phones, and laptop computers use rechargeable batteries. 1.2

Medicine and Biotechnology Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, and technology that doctors use to treat their patients. 1.2

Medicine and Biotechnology Medicines There are over 2000 prescription drugs. Many drugs are effective because they interact in a specific way with chemicals in cells. Knowledge of the structure and function of these target chemicals helps a chemist design safe and effective drugs. 1.2

Medicine and Biotechnology Materials Chemistry can supply materials to repair or replace body parts. Artificial hips and knees made from metals and plastics can replace worn-out joints and allow people to walk again without pain. 1.2

Medicine and Biotechnology Biotechnology From 1990 to 2003, scientists worldwide worked on the Human Genome Project. They identified the genes that comprise human DNA—about 30,000. The discovery of the structure of DNA led to the development of biotechnology. 1.2

Medicine and Biotechnology Biotechnology applies science to the production of biological products or processes. 1.2

Agriculture Chemists help to develop more productive crops and safer, more effective ways to protect crops. 1.2

Agriculture Productivity One way to track productivity is to measure the amount of edible food that is grown on a given unit of land. Chemists test soil to see if it contains the right chemicals to grow a particular crop and recommend ways to improve the soil. 1.2

Agriculture Chemists also help determine when a crop needs water. If the genes from a jellyfish that glows are transferred to a potato plant, the plant glows when it needs to be watered. 1.2

Agriculture Crop Protection Chemists sometimes use chemicals produced by insects to fight insect pests. The plastic tube wrapped around the stem of the tomato plant contains a chemical that a female pinworm moth emits to attract male moths. It interferes with the mating process so that fewer pinworms are produced. 1.2

The Environment A pollutant is a material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms. Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollution. 1.2

The Environment Identify Pollutants Until the mid-1900s, lead was used in many products, including paints and gasoline. A study done in 1971 showed that the level of lead that is harmful to humans is much lower than had been thought, especially for children. Even low levels of lead in the blood can permanently damage the nervous system of a growing child. 1.2

The Environment Prevent Pollution The strategies used to prevent lead poisoning include testing children’s blood for lead, regulation of home sales to families with young children, and public awareness campaigns with posters. 1.2

The Environment The percentage of children with elevated blood levels has decreased since the 1970s. 1.2

The Universe To study the universe, chemists gather data from afar and analyze matter that is brought back to Earth. 1.2

The Universe Chemists have analyzed more than 850 pounds of moon rocks that were brought back to Earth. Some of these rocks are similar to rocks formed by volcanoes on Earth, suggesting that vast oceans of molten lava once covered the moon's surface. 1.2

The Universe The robotic vehicle Opportunity was designed to determine the chemical composition of rocks and soil on Mars. Data collected at the vehicle’s landing site indicated that the site was once drenched with water. 1.2

Thinking Like a Scientist In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow- green mold. In 1945, Fleming shared a Nobel Prize for Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, who led the team that isolated penicillin. 1.3

Alchemy How did alchemy lay the groundwork for chemistry? 1.3

Alchemy Alchemists developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals. 1.3

Alchemy Alchemists developed processes for separating mixtures and purifying chemicals. They designed equipment that is still in use today including beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels, and the mortar and pestle. Mortar and Pestle 1.3

An Experimental Approach to Science How did Lavoisier help to transform chemistry? 1.3

An Experimental Approach to Science Lavoisier helped to transform chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today. 1.3

An Experimental Approach to Science Lavoisier designed a balance that could measure mass to the nearest gram. He also showed that oxygen is required for a material to burn. Reconstruction of Lavoisier’s Laboratory 1.3

The Scientific Method What are the steps in the scientific method? 1.3

The Scientific Method The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem. Steps in the scientific method include making observations, testing hypotheses, and developing theories. 1.3

The Scientific Method Making Observations When you use your senses to obtain information, you make an observation. Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and it does not light. An observation can lead to a question: What’s wrong with the flashlight? 1.3

The Scientific Method Testing Hypotheses A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation. You guess that the flashlight needs new batteries. You can test your hypothesis by putting new batteries in the flashlight. If the flashlight lights, you can be fairly certain that your hypothesis is true. 1.3

The Scientific Method An experiment is a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis. When you design experiments, you deal with variables, or factors that can change. The variable that you change during an experiment is the manipulated variable, or independent variable. The variable that is observed during the experiment is the responding variable, or dependent variable. 1.3

The Scientific Method Developing Theories Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may become a theory. A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations. A theory may need to be changed at some point in the future to explain new observations or experimental results. 1.3

The Scientific Method Scientific Laws A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments. A scientific law doesn’t try to explain the relationship it describes. That explanation requires a theory. 1.3

Steps in the Scientific Method The Scientific Method 1.3

Collaboration and Communication What role do collaboration and communication play in science? 1.3

Collaboration and Communication No matter how talented the players on a team, one player cannot ensure victory for the team. Individuals must collaborate, or work together, for the good of the team. When scientists collaborate and communicate, they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. 1.3

Collaboration and Communication Collaboration Scientists choose to collaborate for different reasons. Some research problems are so complex that no one person could have all of the knowledge, skills, and resources to solve the problem. Scientists might conduct research for an industry in exchange for equipment and the time to do the research. 1.3

Collaboration and Communication Collaboration isn’t always a smooth process. You will likely work on a team in the laboratory. If so, you may face some challenges. But you can also experience the benefits of collaboration. 1.3

Collaboration and Communication Communication Scientists communicate face to face, by , by phone, and at international conferences. Scientists publish their results in scientific journals. Articles are published only after being reviewed by experts in the author’s field. 1.3

Problem Solving in Chemistry Shape-sorter toys fascinate young children. Typically, the children try placing a shape in different holes until they find the right one. The trial-and-error approach is one method of problem solving, but it is usually not the best one. 1.4

Skills Used in Solving Problems What is a general approach to solving a problem? 1.4

Skills Used in Solving Problems Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan and then implementing that plan. 1.4

Skills Used in Solving Problems Shopping involves problem solving skills. 1.4

Solving Numeric Problems What are the three steps for solving numeric problems? 1.4

Solving Numeric Problems The steps for solving a numeric word problem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate. 1.4

Solving Numeric Problems Analyze To solve a word problem, you must first determine where you are starting from (identify what is known) and where you are going (identify the unknown). After you identify the known and the unknown, you need to make a plan for getting from the known to the unknown. 1.4

Solving Numeric Problems Calculate If you make an effective plan, doing the calculations is usually the easiest part of the process. Evaluate Check that your answer is reasonable and makes sense. Check that it has the correct unit and the correct number of significant figures. 1.4

Solving Conceptual Problems What are the two steps for solving conceptual problems? 1.4

Solving Conceptual Problems The steps for solving a conceptual problem are analyze and solve. 1.4