Reproductive Systems

Function To ensure survival of the species To produce egg and sperm cells To transport and sustain these cells To nurture the developing offspring To produce hormones Other systems strive to maintain a state of homeostasis

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Male Functions To produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen) To produce and secrete male sex hormones responsible for maintaining the male reproductive system

Male Consists of: A pair of testes A network of excretory ducts epididymis vas deferens ejaculatory ducts Seminal vesicles Prostate Urethra Penis

Male Testes / testicles (Gonads) Produce sperm (Spermatogenesis)

Sperm Fact: The average male will produce roughly 525 billion sperm cells over a lifetime and shed at least one billion of them per month. A healthy adult male can release between 40 million and 1.2 billion sperm cells in a single ejaculation.

Male Testes / testicles (Gonads) Produce testosterone

Male Duct System Epididymis Sperm mature in epididymis Vas Deferens Transports mature sperm to the urethra Ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra

Male Seminal vesicles Attached to vas deferens Produce a sugar- rich fluid (fructose) that provides energy to sperm

Male Prostate Gland Makes a milky white fluid that nourishes and protects the sperm. (is connected with the seminal vesicle)

Male Urethra Tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body Also carries semen out of the body

Vasectomy Permanent Birth Control for men Cuts the vas deferens so sperm does not leave the testes Semen remains unchanged. It is a easy 20 minute procedure.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Female Functions Produces the female egg cells Transports the eggs to the site of fertilization The fertilization of an egg by a sperm, occurs in the fallopian tubes (oviducts)

Female Functions After fertilization, provides a place for a baby to develop If fertilization does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate Produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.

Female Consists of: Vagina Uterus Ovaries Fallopian tubes Cervix

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Female Vagina Canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body Also is known as the birth canal

Female Uterus Hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus

Female Ovaries Oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus Produce eggs and hormones.

Egg Fact Women are born with an average 2 million egg follicles, the reproductive structures that give rise to eggs. By puberty, a majority of those follicles close up and only about 450 will ever release mature eggs for fertilization.

Female Fallopian Tubes Narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the egg cell to travel from the ovaries to the uterus

Female Cervix The inferior necklike portion of the uterus leading to the vagina.

Reproductive process: Conception Conception  When the sperm and the egg unite  Pregnancy occurs 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system 26

Fertilization: Union of male and female gametes to form a zygote from which the embryo develop = conception 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system 27 Reproductive process: Fertilization

4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System Reproductive process: Sex Chromosomes 28 Sex Chromosomes! Boys are XY Girls are XX

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system 29 Pregnancy Conception to birth  Normal gestational period = 40 weeks Terms to remember: Embryo  1-8 weeks Fetus  9-40 weeks Newborn  At birth Reproductive Process: Pregnancy

Reproductive process: Fetal Development 6-8 weeks weeks weeks 5-6 months 4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system 30

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system 31 Reproductive process: Labor Dilation stage The uterine smooth muscle begins to contract Contractions move the fetus down the uterus and cause the cervix to dilate The cervix is completely dilated at 10 centimeters

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system 32 Expulsion stage The baby is actually delivered  Natural  Cesarean Reproductive process: Labor

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system 33 Placental stage The last stage of labor Also known as afterbirth Delivered due to final uterine contractions Reproductive process: Labor

4.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the reproductive system 34 Ectopic pregnancy Tubal pregnancy, fertilized egg stays in the fallopian tube. Fallopian tube at risk to rupture, and cause life threatening hemorrhage. Requires emergency treatment. Symptoms: Light vaginal bleeding, N&V, sharp abdominal cramps. Laparoscopic surgery or emergency surgery.

Vaginal Yeast Infections Can affect 75% of all women at some point Caused by a disruption in normal bacteria The use of antibiotics can increase chances of a yeast infection Symptoms- discharge has a cottage cheese like appearance, itching, and burning.

Vaginal Discharge Discharge is normal, especially if you are of childbearing age. Glands in the cervix produce a clear mucus. Secretions may turn white or yellow when exposed to the air. The amount varies throughout the menstrual cycle. It is also normal for the walls of the vagina to release some secretions. The amount depends on hormone levels in the body. Vaginal discharge that suddenly differs in color, odor, or consistency, or significantly increases or decreases in amount, may indicate an underlying problem like an infection.

Cervical Cancer Can be caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Annual PAP smears usually find abnormal cells and they can be removed before developing further into cancer.