Mutations, The Human Genome and Genetic Engineering Ch 11.5, 12.4 and Ch 13

Do Now Translate the following mRNA strand: AUG CGA CCU AGC You will have a quiz Tuesday!! Snorks are also due Tuesday.

Do Now Review Met- Arg- Pro-Ser

What is a mutation? Changes in the genetic material (DNA). Mutations can occur in two different types of cells: 1. Somatic (body) cells 2. Gamete (sex) cells

Somatic (Body) Cell Mutations Mutations usually result in killing that body cell only. An exception to this is if the mutation occurs to the DNA that controls regulation of the cell cycle. This can result in cancer. Somatic mutations usually do not affect the individual. Somatic mutations can NOT be passed on to the next generation.

Gamete (Sex Cell) Mutations Mutations that occur in gamete (sex) cells means that every cell of the developing fetus/baby will have that mutation. usually do affect the individual with some genetic disorder. can be passed on to the next generation. There are two types of mutations that can occur in gamete cells: 1.Chromosomal Mutations 2.Gene Mutations

Chromosomal Mutations involves pieces of chromosomes – several bases Examples: 1. Deletion 2. Inversion 3. Translocation 4. Duplication 5. Non-disjunction

Chromosomal Mutations: Deletion, Duplication and Inversion

Translocation

Non-disjunction Means “not coming apart”. When homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis. Results in abnormal numbers of chromosomes. Trisomy means a person has an extra copy of a chromosome (Ex: Trisomy 21 is Down Syndrome). Monosomy means a person is missing a copy of a chromosome.

Point (gene) Mutations = involves one or only a few bases 1. Frameshift – due to deletion or insertion – shifts entire code 2. Substitution

Point Mutations: Frameshift Deletion

Point Mutations: Substitution

V. Increasing Variation A. Mutations: 1. changes in DNA not normally found 2. usually spontaneous 3. usually harmful 4. can be induced with radiation and chemicals (miracle grow) 5. some may be beneficial

Beneficial Mutations Ex. 1. Bacteria that eat away oil spills 2. plants that are polyploid (many sets of chromosomes) are larger and stronger (fatal in animals)

Zucchini Cabbage Artichokes

Do Now What are 2 ways DNA can be used?

11-5 and 14.3 Gene maps and the Human Genome Project

I. Gene linkage and maps A. Each chromosome is a group of genes linked together

B. Gene maps show the locations on a chromosome of individual genes Drosophila chromosome map

Example of gene mapping… (not the real Y chromosome!!)

D. Gene mapping led to the Human Genome Project - Human Genome Project The entire human genome was finished being mapped in June 2000 (there are more than 3 billion bases)

II A. Genetic testing makes it possible to determine what disorders parents might pass on to their children

B. DNA Fingerprinting 1. no human is genetically identical to another unless they are identical twins 2. If DNA is found at a crime scene it can be compared to a sample taken from the suspect. 3. the bands on pieces of DNA can be compared to each other to find a match

Wrongful convictions overturned /cleared.html /cleared.html

C. Gene Therapy 1. replacing an absent or faulty gene with a normal, working one Bg 2. high risk and experimental 3. August 2002 successful treatment by gene therapy for X-linked immunodeficiency disease also known as "bubble baby syndrome."

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Do Now What is the Human Genome Project and why is it important? (what can we use this information to do?) Take out your notes!

By number, not mass!

Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering a glowing transgenic tobacco plant bearing the luciferase gene of fireflystobaccoluciferase fireflys Dolly the cloned sheep

I. Genetic Modification A. Altering an organism’s DNA by removing genes or adding new ones B. Can be added from the same species or different ones ex. Scientists are trying to insert a gene from cold water flounder into tomato plants to help them resist frost.

True or False A new finding could lead to Genetically Modified onions that don’t make us cry as we chop them. Researchers in Japan have identified the enzyme that releases a tear-duct-tickling chemical when an onion is cut. The gene that controls the production of this enzyme was isolated and can now be turned off. A GM onion lacking the enzyme would taste the same but not irritate your eyes.

TRUE!!

True or False A new genetically modified rice may save over 250 million people around the world from permanent blindness and 1-3 million from death caused by a vitamin A deficiency. A rich source of vitamin A is a chemical called beta-carotene, found in some plants like carrots. The GM rice, called “golden rice” because of its color, contains a gene from a daffodil that is inserted into the rice providing beta carotene that is converted into vitamin A in the body.

TRUE!!

True or False Scientists at the American Association of Genetic Modification have identified the gene that makes blueberries blue and have put it into a strawberry. The genetically modified strawberries taste exactly the same, but are blue in color. It is hoped that this will make the fruit more appealing to children. The GM blue strawberries have been tested on children (who seem to enjoy them) during the initial trials and supermarkets are already interested.

FALSE!! YOU CAN NOT USE HUMANS IN THE FIRST TRIALS!!

II. Selective Breeding/ Artificial selection A. Only organisms with desired characteristics are allowed to produce another generation Ex. Disease resistant potatoes = end to potato blight and famine Cows that produce the most milk = more $

III. Hybridization A. Crossing desired traits in two different organisms to create a new organism with both traits. B. Offspring are usually sterile Examples: a plant that produces large amounts of fruit with a plant that resists disease

A Jug: pug/jack russell Mule: horse/donkey a labradoodle: labrador/poodle

IV. Inbreeding A. Maintaining desired characteristics by breeding with organisms possessing the trait. “Pure bred dogs” B. Risks: genetic defects due to recessive alleles german shepherds = bad hip joints

VI. Genetic Engineering A. Making changes in DNA of a living organism B. Recombinant DNA is the result C. Transgenic – organisms that have genes from OTHER species ex.- Glow in the dark tobacco plants -bacteria that produce human insulin

Ruppy the first transgenic dog Red pigment taken from sea anemones

VII. Cloning A. An organism that is genetically identical to the donor. Dolly the clone and her baby Bonnie One bacteria produces a colony of clones

B. The nucleus is taken out of a donor cell and put into the target egg cell who’s nucleus was removed. A zap of electricity is used to fuse it with the cytoplasm C. Egg cell is implanted into a surrogate mother and a clone develops (p. 332)

D. Benefits: Cloning stem cells creates donor organs, save endangered species E. Risks/concerns: No genetic diversity, success rate poor (277 tries to make Dolly), expensive, health problems (Dolly had arthritis and organ failure at an early age) Should cloning be allowed?

Do Now What is one risk and one benefit of cloning?

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