Jackson’s Previous Encounters War of 1812 War of 1812 Massacre at Fort Mims Massacre at Fort Mims Adoption of Red Stick baby Adoption of Red Stick baby War with Seminoles/cession of Florida by Spanish in 1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty) War with Seminoles/cession of Florida by Spanish in 1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty)

Indian Removal History 1791 – Cherokee were granted land in North Georgia by a U.S. treaty 1791 – Cherokee were granted land in North Georgia by a U.S. treaty 1829 – Gold was discovered in Georgia 1829 – Gold was discovered in Georgia Frelinghuysen rebuttal - April, Frelinghuysen rebuttal - April, Indian Removal Act narrowly passed – May 28, 1830 Indian Removal Act narrowly passed – May 28, 1830 Jackson 2 nd Address to Congress – December 6, 1830 Jackson 2 nd Address to Congress – December 6, The Choctaw were the first Nation to walk West; many died from malnutrition, exposure, and cholera The Choctaw were the first Nation to walk West; many died from malnutrition, exposure, and cholera Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court (Marshall) ruling that states have no jurisdiction over Natives 1832 Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court (Marshall) ruling that states have no jurisdiction over Natives The Creek were moved west. 3,500 of the Creek Nation’s 15,000 died; those who resisted removal were put in chains and marched West The Creek were moved west. 3,500 of the Creek Nation’s 15,000 died; those who resisted removal were put in chains and marched West. May Removal of the Cherokee Nation to the West began under President Van Buren. May Removal of the Cherokee Nation to the West began under President Van Buren.

US Population by Decade YEARTOTAL POPULATIONINCREASE% INCREASE

Indian Removal Under Jackson Removal of the Five Civilized Tribes Removal of the Five Civilized Tribes Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole Address to Congress – Indian removal recommended Address to Congress – Indian removal recommended Frelinghuysen rebuttal - April, Frelinghuysen rebuttal - April, Indian Removal Act narrowly passed – May 28, 1830 Indian Removal Act narrowly passed – May 28, 1830 Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court (Marshall) ruling that states have no jurisdiction over Natives Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court (Marshall) ruling that states have no jurisdiction over Natives

Indian Removal Under Jackson

Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek 1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek 1830 Removal of Choctaw – land allotment strategy Removal of Choctaw – land allotment strategy Allowed for cession of 10 million acres of land by Choctaws for 15 million acres in present-day OK Allowed for cession of 10 million acres of land by Choctaws for 15 million acres in present-day OK Choctaws could stay if they agreed to become US citizens Choctaws could stay if they agreed to become US citizens Had to compete for land like all other citizens Had to compete for land like all other citizens Treaty of New Echota (GA, 1835) Treaty of New Echota (GA, 1835) Removal of Cherokee – leads to Trail of Tears Removal of Cherokee – leads to Trail of Tears Agreement reached without leaders of Cherokee nation Agreement reached without leaders of Cherokee nation Cherokee offered $5 million, John Ross petitions government, fails, Trail of Tears = forcible removal of Cherokees – thousands die along the way Cherokee offered $5 million, John Ross petitions government, fails, Trail of Tears = forcible removal of Cherokees – thousands die along the way