Molecular Genetics Protein Synthesis One Gene-One Polypeptide.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Chapter 14 From DNA to Proteins

Advertisements

Expression of Biological Information

DNARNA 1. Contains the sugar deoxyribose 2. Contains thymine 3. Is in the shape of a double helix 4. There is only 1 type of DNA 5. DNA can’t leave the.

  Test for Linkage Progreny Counts AA BB aa bb aa bb(P) H 0 : The loci are NOT linked.   calc >   crit H 0 can be rejected. The loci do not.

MUTATIONS A mutation is a sudden change in the structure or the amount of genetic material. Most mutations are harmful to an organism, some have no effect,

GENETICS : Introduction to IEM

Welcome to the continuation of Biol 213 Genetics! What’s in the mail? EditBase - DNA processing program Mystery sequence Problem Set 3 now available Lab.

Biochemical Pathways. One Gene, One Polypeptide In the 1930’s, Beadle and Tatum did a series of experiments that went a long ways towards showing what.

Human Heredity and Genetic Disorders

What is a gene?. Definitions of the gene The gene is to genetics what the atom is to chemistry. The gene is the unit of genetic information that controls.

CHAPTER 12 LECTURE SLIDES

Gene Mutations.

From Gene to Protein: Chpt. 17.

Objective 5: TSWBAT describe the connection between genes and proteins.

Gene Expression Chapter 13.

1 One gene One enzyme hypothesis In the next few lectures, the following questions will be Addressed:

Fig b 0.25 µm Origin of replicationDouble-stranded DNA molecule Parental (template) strand Daughter (new) strand Bubble Replication fork Two daughter.

1 Chapter 15 EXPRESSION of BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION.

Sec 5.1 / 5.2. One Gene – One Polypeptide Hypothesis early 20 th century – Archibald Garrod physician that noticed that some metabolic errors were found.

Gene Expression and Gene Regulation. The Link between Genes and Proteins At the beginning of the 20 th century, Garrod proposed: – Genetic disorders such.

Complementary base pairing: G-C and A-T DNA Packing:

PowerPoint Presentation Materials to accompany Genetics: Analysis and Principles Robert J. Brooker Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission.

THE GENE What information does the gene possess?.

Chapter 1 The Genetic Code of Genes and Genomes DNA is the molecule of heredity Inherited traits are determined by the elements of heredity (genes),

The information content of DNA is in the form of specific sequences of nucleotides The DNA inherited by an organism leads to specific traits by dictating.

BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence.

RNA DNA: double-stranded deoxyribose A, C, G, T RNA: single-stranded ribose A, C, G, U.

BUT MOM... I don’t want to be a protein! Too bad..

One Gene- One Enzyme Theory How Protein Synthesis came to be recognized as the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics.

Part 1 Protein Synthesis. DNA replication vs. Protein Synthesis DNA ReplicationProtein Synthesis Produces...well.. DNA Occurs in order for mitosis or.

 British physician from the 20 th century  Studied patients with alkaptonuria › A genetic disorder which causes black urine, containing alkapton  Garrod’s.

Important scientists and theories. Walter Sutton An American geneticist 1902 proposed the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Suggested Mendel’s inheritance.

Genetica per Scienze Naturali a.a prof S. Presciuttini 1. An early hypothesis on the function of genes The first clues about the nature of primary.

William S. Klug Michael R. Cummings Charlotte A. Spencer Concepts of Genetics Eighth Edition Chapter 14 Translation and Proteins Copyright © 2006 Pearson.

6.1-Transfer of Information from DNA SBI4U1. BIG QUESTION How does a gene determine a trait?

Protein Synthesis. Proteins Most diverse macromolecule Shape = function Responsible for many different functions – Structure – Signal – Enzyme – Defense.

DNA-->RNA-->Protein-->Trait

BC Science 9: p Gene Mutation  A gene mutation involves a change in the order of the bases (A, C, G, T) that make up the gene.  There are.

Complementary base pairing:

Chapter 1 The Genetic Code of Genes and Genomes DNA is the molecule of heredity Inherited traits are determined by the elements of heredity (genes),

The Ribosome –Is part of the cellular machinery for translation, polypeptide synthesis Figure 17.1.

AP Biology Mutations Unit 5B.5. AP Biology Changes in genotype (DNA) can result in changes in phenotype  Alterations in DNA sequence can lead to changes.

BIOL 2416 CH 4: Gene Function. How do biochemical reactions take place in a cell? Each reaction in a metabolic pathway must be catalyzed by its own enzyme.

1 Genes and Proteins The genetic information contained in the nucleotide sequence of DNA specifies a particular type of protein Enzymes = proteins that.

Biology in Focus, HSC Course Blueprint of Life Topic 16: Beadle and Tatum.

  Test for Linkage Progreny Counts AA BB aa bb aa bb(P) H 0 : The loci are NOT linked.   calc >   crit H 0 can be rejected. The loci do not.

CHAPTER 4 Gene Function Authored by Peter J. Russell.

Biochemical Pathways.

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.

From Gene to Protein: Transcription & RNA Processing

Chapter 1 The Genetic Code of Genes and Genomes

The Ribosome Is part of the cellular machinery for translation, polypeptide synthesis Figure 17.1.

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein

Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype

Molecular Genetics - Structure

The Genetic Code Miss Richardson SBI4U.

What information does the gene possess?

The Role of DNA Chapter 9 Section 2 Part 1.

Gene Activity How Genes Work.

From Gene to Protein: Transcription & RNA Processing

Chapter 1 The Genetic Code of Genes and Genomes

Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype

How they are affected by mutations.

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.

Protein Synthesis Overview

Chapter 17~ From Gene to Protein

One Gene – One Polypeptide

Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype

Mutations: Changes in Genes

Human Genetic Disorders, Part 2

Presentation transcript:

Molecular Genetics Protein Synthesis One Gene-One Polypeptide

Archibald Garrod ( ) Image from: British physician who studied metabolic defects in newborns noticed family history of certain illnesses

Alkaptonuria Image from: hereditary disease that caused urine to turn black due to accumulation of alkapton (homogentisic acid)

Garrod’s hypothesis? newborns who were fed extra phenylalanine (an amino acid) had increased blackness in urine SO…alkaptonuria must be caused by defective enzyme AND…the defective enzyme must be caused by an error in hereditary material

Garrod’s hypothesis Image from: defective alkapton-metabolizing enzyme part of a metabolic pathway “inborn error of metabolism” (1923)

Phenylalanine Metabolism Image from:

Beadle & Tatum (Image from: American geneticists published paper (1941) with findings on relationship between genes & enzymes in red bread mould, Neurospora crassa

Neurospora crassa Image from:

Beadle & Tatum “normal” N. crassa was able to grow on minimal nutrient medium (i.e. it was able to synthesize all needed amino acids and vitamins) “mutant” strains of N. crassa were created through exposure to X-rays or UV radiation

Beadle & Tatum Image on next slide from: mutant strains were unable to grow on minimal nutrient medium for some mutant strains, addition of arginine to the minimal nutrient medium resulted in growth reaction pathway for synthesis of arginine was determined through experimentation

Arginine Synthesis Image from:

One Gene-One Enzyme Beadle & Tatum’s work resulted in the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis this hypothesis is more accurately known as the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

Vernon Ingram (Image from: German-American Biology professor ( ) who studied sickle-cell anemia

Sickle-cell anemia (Image from: hereditary disorder red blood cells contain abnormal hemoglobin, causing crescent shape cause difficulty with blood flow

Sickle-cell anemia Image from: sequenced the hemoglobin protein determined the difference between hemoglobin of normal RBCs and sickle cell anemia RBCs

Hemoglobin ß-chain Image from:

Test yourself… hill.com/sites/ /student_view 0/chapter14/chapter_quiz.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/ /student_view 0/chapter14/chapter_quiz.html

Animations Beadle & Tatum experiments (excellent slideshow): Beadle & Tatum (narrated animation…a bit dry) / /web_tut/21_04/21_04_01a.swf