Characteristics of North America Geography Indigenous Spanish England: Prior to Expansion into North America Key Turning Points The Reformation divides Europe The Reformation changes Europe Economic changes in England The Colonial Period: s

The 13 Colonies New England: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Southern Colonies- Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, Georgia Middle Colonies- New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware

The Puritans and Separatists- The Debate Christian Access to God Catholic & conservative Protestants: Traditions of Church Puritans: Corruption of Church for centuries Goals of the Puritans Boston- to purify the Church Broke with traditions Individual congregation- began with covenant, election of ministers Conduct represented salvation Knowledge of redemption Goals of the Separatists (Pilgrims, 1620 Plymouth Colony) Questioned legitimacy of Church of England Paul: “Come out among them and be separate.”

Economic Model of Colonies: Mercantilism, Corporations, Capitalism Mercantilism Merchants: relationship with King Chartered Companies: Corporations Corporate Colonies: Ventures in Capitalism By 1732: Three distinct colonial governments Royal Proprietary Corporate

England is Slow to Enter the “New World”… Early Explorations: Queen Elizabeth 1576 Martin Frobisher (3 ships) Beginnings: (after Spanish and French) Reasons for English Colonization Establish markets for their goods- wool Access to raw materials Growing rivalry with Spain (Privateers) Social Crisis- economic needs/population influx Religious: Spreading Protestantism Economic inequality- Masterless men

English: The First Settlement Early Attempts Gilbert and Raleigh- Elizabeth I/ charter – Two attempts that failed – Half-brother- named the land Virginia Roanoke- Failure – What do we know about Roanoke? – First voyage 1585 – Second voyage in 1587 – Governor White: war in England – Empty houses and the letters “CRO”

A Change in Landscape… English Emigrants Lower ranks of society 1600s- indentured servants Land and Liberty Basis for liberty- control of land and vote The Indigenous English wanted land Resentment towards English Alcohol: common and disruptive Landscape changes: fencing, new crops, livestock, depletion of forest

Settling the Chesapeake: Jamestown and Maryland Founding of Jamestown 1607 Virginia Company Early Troubles – The “Starving Time,” Finding new “settlers.” Uprising of 1622 Tobacco: Cross-breed strains King James and the “evil weed.” Who is King James? Founding of Maryland 1632 Proprietary colony of Cecilius Calvert (feudal domain) Refuge for persecuted Catholics

Religion in New England The Rise of Puritanism Shaped early New England Congregationalists Moral Liberty John Winthrop Rejection of natural liberty for moral liberty The Pilgrims at Plymouth 1620-private investors Netherlands The Mayflower- Cape Cod The Mayflower Compact – No women signed document The Great Migration 1629 Massachusetts Bay Company (London Merchants) ,000 Puritans

Dissent and Inequality in New England Dissenters in the Puritan World Roger Williams (Rhode Island) Puritans and the Indigenous The Pequot War Economic and Social Inequality The New England economy The Merchant Elite

Distinctions of Southern Colonies Governance: Corporate, Royal, Proprietary Plantation Elite Economy: Single crop economics Tobacco & Rice Social Structure Stratified. English Law Plantations Biracial society- Black and White English traditions: viewpoints about politics, religion, economy Indigenous Communities Bacon’s Rebellion- Several Causes Scapegoat: Indigenous Religion Anglican- minor role in politics and economy*

Distinctions of the New England Colonies Governance: Early years/ under control of Crown/ Central & Local Gov. Religious leaders through small town meetings Economy: Family-run farms and household manufacturing Craftsmen and Merchants Social System: Clustered settlements Indentured Servants Cultural traditions: Diverse culture, economic, political, social Religion: Strictly Calvinist faith- dictated political, social, economic Indigenous Societies: Europeans used concept of “divide and rule” Pequot War and Metacomet’s War 1676

Distinctions of the Middle Colonies Governance: Diverse settlement Unchartered- Delaware Democratic: Pennsylvania Small town governments Economy: Dutch-strong commercial economy- Hudson River Valley Social System: Multicultural Small towns encouraged country governments Separatist ideologies Religion: Religious tolerance Indigenous Societies: Iroquois League (1451)

Women in the Colonial Era Western Christianity and the Proper Place of Women Original sin of Eve= untrustworthy Proper place for women Paul- “Women should keep silence in the churches.” Patriarchal hierarchical family= basic unit of English society Gendered English Law: No vote or participate in politics “English law made to fit”- standards of acceptable behavior in colonies Feme Sole: single women Feme Covert: “taking the identity of husband” John Winthrop and the “True Wife” VS. Brabbling Women Subjection to religious and familial authority Outspoken in public Anne Hutchinson & the charges of heresy Questioned teachings, Claimed direct revelations Banished 1638 Witches and Witch Hunts Reflection of societal stresses Salem, Massachusetts