Chapter 2 Routes and Terminals in International Logistics

Targets  1. Major international shipping lines  2. World’s top ten sea ports  3. International air lines  4. World's top ten airports  5. International railway lines  6. Main lines and ports of China freight transport

 This chapter studies the transportation routes and junctions of commonly-used transportation modes in international logistics and intuitively shows the geographic locations of some transportation junctions by lots of geographic pictures.  This chapter mainly illustrates the routes and ports of international marine, airway and railway.

Case Study A company in Beijing is going to export goods (20 tons) to Chicago. Q: How to plan a rout for this transport?

2.1 International Shipping lines and ports Definition of Shipping lines The waters around the world, under natural conditions like the harbor, tide, wind direction, water depth and the earth spherical distance, have formed some paths available for ship navigation. The paths are called route.

 shipping lines: According to the subjective and objective conditions, the carrier selected in access routes for achieving maximum economic benefits are called shipping lines.

2.1.2 Key classification of Shipping lines (1) According to the operating mode of ship  Scheduled Services Using fixed ships, in fixed sailing schedules 、 fixed shipping lines and berthing fixed ports. Collection of the continuous stable round-trip goods is a prerequisite for opening the regular route.  Non-scheduled Services Using unfixed ships, docking in unfixed ports in unfixed schedules and unfixed sailing routes. Non- scheduled Services is flexible, and mainly for the bulk, low value goods transport by docking.

(2) According to the voyages  Ocean-going shipping line The intercontinental transport lines across the ocean. Ocean going shipping lines, significant characteristics of which are long length and large tonnage, are the main channel of the world economy and international trade.  Near-sea shipping line The sea transport lines between domestic ports and neighboring countries ports.  Coastal shipping line The sea transportation lines among the domestic coastal ports.

(3) According to the position in the transport network  Trunk line Generally refers to the lines with large flow of goods 、 strong impact on transport market.Trunk- ports also usually choose the large ports with good conditions and high operating- efficiency.  Branch line Also known as feed line or supply line which contacts trunk lines and small ports. The development of the branch lines are generally very important to improve the efficiency of transportation and the assembling& evacuating capability of trunk ports.

Figure 2.1 Marine Silk Road

2.1.3 The major international shipping lines I. Pacific routes 1. Far East-- the west coast of North America route Starting from China, North Korea, Japan, former Soviet Union far east port to the ports along the west coast of North America such as Canada, the United States, Mexico etc.

Figure 2.2 Far East-- the west coast of North America route

2. Far East - Caribbean, the east coast of North America route Ships, starting from China's northern coastal ports, mostly go through the Osumi Straits or the Ryukyu island and out of the East China Sea, then pass the north and south of Hawaii to the Panama Canal.

Figure 2.3 Far East - Caribbean, the east coast of North America route

3. Far East - west coast of South America route Ships ， starting from the northern coast of China, mostly via the Ryukyu island 、 Volcano islands,Wake Island, Line Islands in the south of Hawaii islands and pass through the equator into the South Pacific, to the ports of south west coast.

Figure 2.4 Far East - west coast of South America route

4. Far East - Southeast Asia route The line is the main route along the Atlantic coast ports by which the ships of China 、 North Korea 、 Japan reach to all Southeast Asia ports, and via the Malacca Strait to India ocean ports. The East China Sea, the Taiwan Strait, the Bashi Channel, the South China Sea are the only way which must be passed of the busy line.

Figure 2.5 Far East - Southeast Asia route

5. Far east – Australia, New Zeal-and line (Figure 2.6 Far east – Australia, New Zeal-and line)

6. Australia, New Zea-land – west/east coast of north America (Figure 2.7 Australia, New Zea-land – west/east coast of north America)

II. Atlantic shipping line 1. Northwest Europe -- the east coast of North America rote The line is a transportation line that western Europe and North America, the most developed industrial area in the world, exchange the fuel and products, and it’s very busy.

Figure 2.8 Northwest Europe -- the east coast of North America rote

2. Northwest Europe, the east coast of North America - Caribbean route A This line mostly goes out of the English channel then across the North Atlantic. Ships from this line and starting with the East Coast of North America ports together usually pass through Mona, and go into the Caribbean sea. Besides the Caribbean coastal ports, ships can also go through the Panama Canal to the American Pacific coast ports.

Figure 2.9 Northwest Europe, the east coast of North America - Caribbean route A

Figure 2.10 Northwest Europe, the east coast of North America - Caribbean route B

3.Northwest Europe, the east coast of North America - the Mediterranean, Suez Canal - Asia Pacific route It is the world's busiest leg, the shortcut of trade transactions among North America 、 Northwest Europe and Asia Pacific. The route is generally via the terminal of Azores and Madeira.

Figure 2.11 Northwest Europe, the east coast of North America - the Mediterranean, Suez Canal - Asia Pacific route

Figure 2.12 Northwest Europe, the east coast of North America - the Mediterranean, Suez Canal - Asia Pacific route B

4. Northwest Europe, Mediterranean - South America east coast line The line generally passes through the Atlantic island in West Africa-- terminals of Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands.

Figure 2.13 Northwest Europe, Mediterranean - South America east coast line

5. South America east coast - Cape of Good Hope - Far East route This is a transport line based on oil and ore with large waves in the west wind drift area.

Figure 2.14 South America east coast - Cape of Good Hope - Far East route

6. North-western Europe, east coast of North America - Cape of Good Hope - Far East route The route is generally huge tanker oil routes. The cape Verde islands, and Canary islands are the main terminals for passing ships.

Figure 2.15 North-western Europe, east coast of North America - Cape of Good Hope - Far East route

III. Indian ocean shipping line It mainly bases on the oil supply lines, in addition there are transit transport of bulk cargo. 1. The Persian Gulf -- Good Hope - Western Europe, North America line The line is operated by super tankers and is one of the world's major est oil transportation lines.

2. The Persian Gulf -- Southeast Asia -- Japan line The route goes through east of Malacca Strait ( feasible for load below tons ) or Lombok, Makassar Strait (feasible for load more than tons ) to Japan.

3. The Persian Gulf - Suez canal - the Mediterranean -Western Europe, North America line The line is currently available for super tankers of tons load.

2.1.4 The major international container shipping lines  North Pacific shipping line (Trans Pacific shipping line)  North Atlantic shipping line  Far East – Europe 、 the Mediterranean shipping line

 Far East - Australia,New Zea-land shipping line  Australia,New Zea-land - North American shipping line  European / Mediterranean - West Africa, South African shipping line

2.1.5 The world’s top-10 ports  I. Ten global ports (2013): Ningbo- Zhoushan port,Shanghai port, Singapore port, Tianjin port, Qingdao port, Rotterdam port, Guangzhou port, Tangshan port, Dalian port, Yingkou port.

 II. Ten global Container shipping ports (2013): Shanghai port ， Singapore port ， Shenzhen port ， Hongkong ， Busan port ， Ningbo- Zhoushan port ， Guangzhou port ， Qingdao port ， Dubai port ， Tianjin port.

2.2 International air lines and terminals International Air lines  Western Europe - North America North Atlantic Air Line  Western Europe - Middle East and Far East Air Lines  The Far East - North America North Pacific lines

2.2.2 The world's top-10 air terminals the year of 2013  Chicago O'Hare International Airport  Hatz Fede Atlanta International Airport  New York John f.Kennedy International Airport  London Heathrow International Airport  Tokyo Narita International Airport Paris

 Charles DE Gaulle International  Airport Los Angelus International  Airport Beijing Capital International Airport  China Hongkong Chek Lap Kok International Airport  Amsterdam Schiphol International Airport

The map of world’s major ports

2.3 International railway lines and ports  International railway lines I. Siberia Railway

 II. European railway network 

 III. East-West railway lines of traversing North America: 2 in Canada, 4 in the United States.  IV. West Asia - Europe railway line

China - west Asia railway network

2.3.2 The main lines and ports of China freight transport I. Binzhou line (Harbin - Manchuria - Russia) II. Binsui line (Harbin – Suifenhe river - Russia) III.Jier line (Jining - Erenhot - Mongolia) IV. Shendan line (Shenyang - Dandong - North Korea)

V. Changtu line (Changchun - Tumen - -North Korea) VI. Xianggui line (Hengyang - Liuzhou - Nanning- Pingxiang –Vietnam  VII. Kunhe line (Kunming - Hekou - Vietnam)  VIII. Beijiang line (Urumqi - Alashankou - Kazakhstan)

Discussion A company in Beijing is going to export goods (20 tons) to Chicago. Q: How to plan a rout for this transport?

Questions to be considered  A company in Beijing is going to export goods (20 tons) to Chicago.  Q: Could you plan other lines of transport except containerization line?

 1. Major international shipping lines  2. World’s top ten sea ports  3. International air lines  4. World's top ten airports  5. International railway lines  6. Main lines and ports of China freight transport

Next Chapter Who do provide the customers with the international logistics? Chapter 3 Providers of International Logistics