Beyond the regulatory comfort zone Dr. James M. Cooper, Edinburgh Napier University 1

The taxi! Well defined, well understood Consistent understanding the world over Regulatory tensions in control and delivery 2

Defining a regulatory debate? Role of the taxi as a separate and controlled industry Taxis fall outwith definitions of public transport History of control of taxis 3

Relationships between modes Public transit, its control Public transit, ongoing reforms Deregulatory movements Budgetary pressures 4

5 Form of supplyTraditionalInnovation Hackney carriage Entry limitation impacts Full market analysis - QQE, participation in specialist markets Private hire Competition in taxi market Participation in specialist markets, includes taxis Taxi DRT Development of rural access, employment access Taxibus Development of restricted bus, full bus replacement, and specialist transport

Categorizing Development Innovation within a regulatory framework Innovation at the limits of a regulatory framework Innovation requiring regulatory accomodation 6

Barriers to development Limitation of the structure itself Limitation as a result of internally created barriers Limitation as a result of external forces 7

Benefits from application Significant trade benefit, market and profitability Significant Regulator and city benefits, transit improvements Significant public benefits, improved access. 8

Research agenda 9 Need to counter lack of inclusion Address differences in the descriptions with the trade, and understandings beyond it, Data availability, presence and harvesting Raise the profile of the mode to a parr with other forms of transport

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