The Scientific Revolution Essential Question: Why was the Scientific Revolution Revolutionary?

Learning Objectives 1.Explore how the Scientific Revolution developed in the 16 th century 2.Examine several important personalities of science 3.Identify the impact of the Scientific Revolution on future generations 4.Write a summary and explanation of the Scientific Revolution

What Was the Scientific Revolution? A change (revolution) in human understanding and knowledge about the physical universeA change (revolution) in human understanding and knowledge about the physical universe 16 th & 17 th century (1500s and 1600s)16 th & 17 th century (1500s and 1600s) Began with Kepler, GalileoBegan with Kepler, Galileo Ended with NewtonEnded with Newton

“ Science ” Before the Scientific Revolution People of the Renaissance looked to the Greeks, the Romans, the stars, and the Bible to explain the natural worldPeople of the Renaissance looked to the Greeks, the Romans, the stars, and the Bible to explain the natural world In the 1500’s, some scientists began to question this approach to knowledgeIn the 1500’s, some scientists began to question this approach to knowledge A medieval alchemist

Factors Leading to the Scientific Revolution Rise of universitiesRise of universities Contact with non-Western societiesContact with non-Western societies The RenaissanceThe Renaissance ExplorationExploration

The Aristotelian Universe Aristotle’s work laid the foundation for scientific study through the medieval era Aristotle’s work laid the foundation for scientific study through the medieval era Gravity/Theory of falling objects Gravity/Theory of falling objects Astronomy: Crystal spheres Astronomy: Crystal spheres

Roots of Scientific Thought: Ptolemy The Almagest (Syntaxis)The Almagest (Syntaxis) Geocentric (earth-centered) model of the universeGeocentric (earth-centered) model of the universe Motion of the planetsMotion of the planets Ptolemaic modelPtolemaic modelPtolemaic modelPtolemaic model

Models of the Universe: Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Geocentric: the Earth is at the center of the universe; all heavenly bodies move around the Earth Heliocentric: the Sun is at the center of the universe; all heavenly bodies move around the Sun—including the Earth

Nicholas Copernicus (1473–1543) Wrote the book On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies (1543)Wrote the book On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies (1543) Claimed the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universeClaimed the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe This rejected the notion that the earth was the center of the universe and God’s creationThis rejected the notion that the earth was the center of the universe and God’s creation

Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) Built the world’s first observatoryBuilt the world’s first observatory Created accurate star charts used by later astronomersCreated accurate star charts used by later astronomers Refined the heliocentric model even furtherRefined the heliocentric model even further

Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) Built on the work of Copernicus and BraheBuilt on the work of Copernicus and Brahe Mathematically proved the orbits of the planets were elliptical, not circularMathematically proved the orbits of the planets were elliptical, not circular Theorized the three laws of planetary motion, adding evidence to the heliocentric modelTheorized the three laws of planetary motion, adding evidence to the heliocentric model

Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) “ Father of Science ”“ Father of Science ” First to use a telescope to conduct astronomical observationsFirst to use a telescope to conduct astronomical observations Observed Jupiter’s moons, the imperfections of the moon’s surface, and claimed the earth rotated on an axisObserved Jupiter’s moons, the imperfections of the moon’s surface, and claimed the earth rotated on an axis Galileo ’ s telescopic drawing of the moon Galileo’s The Starry Messenger was put on the Index of Forbidden Books

Galileo vs. the Catholic Church The church condemned heliocentric conceptions of the universeThe church condemned heliocentric conceptions of the universe Galileo put on trial by the Roman Inquisition, found guilty of contradicting the Bible, he recants, put under house arrestGalileo put on trial by the Roman Inquisition, found guilty of contradicting the Bible, he recants, put under house arrest This didn’t stop other scientists, mostly in Northern Europe, from building on his workThis didn’t stop other scientists, mostly in Northern Europe, from building on his work 19 th -century depiction of Galileo before the Inquisition tribunal

“By the aid of a telescope anyone may behold (the Milky Way) in a manner which so distinctly appeals to the senses that all the disputes which have tormented philosophers through so many ages are exploded by the irrefutable evidence of our eyes, and we are freed from worldly disputes upon the subject.” ~ Galileo What is Galileo suggesting about the source of human knowledge?

Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) Synthesized the works of Copernicus, Kepler and GalileoSynthesized the works of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo The Principia and CalculusThe Principia and Calculus Law of Universal GravitationLaw of Universal Gravitation Established the paradigm of a mechanical universeEstablished the paradigm of a mechanical universe

The Significance of the Scientific Revolution Abandonment of ancient and medieval systemsAbandonment of ancient and medieval systems Development of the scientific methodDevelopment of the scientific method Understanding of how we know what we know changed foreverUnderstanding of how we know what we know changed forever

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