The Civil War AP Chapters 20 & 21
Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 Lincoln… P.G.T. Beauregard… A bloodless start…
Lincoln calls for 75,000 Volunteers To put down the “insurrection”… Abuses executive power Authorizes spending without congress Suspends the writ of habeas corpus VA, NC, AR, TN secede – Confederate capitol moves to Richmond
The Border States
Wartime Advantages North Military Population:22 million… 800,000 immigrants… 180,000 African Americans would enter… Economic 85% of factories… 70% of railroads… 65% of farmlands… Political Strong central government South Military Population:5 ½ million… Defensive war… Experienced generals… Economic Overseas demand for cotton… Political Struggle for independence…
Union Strategy Anaconda Plan… Initially ineffective – 3,500 miles of coastline… Blockade runners… Unable to win an early decisive battle… War of Attrition…
First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)- July 1861 Only 30 miles from D.C…. “Stonewall” Jackson… Large psychological impact…
Army of the Potomac Gen. George McClellan Overcautious Frustrated Lincoln…
The War at Sea The Trent Affair… The CSS Alabama… Confederates attempt to get Laird Rams…
Peninsula Campaign (April-June 1862) McClellan tries to flank Richmond… Robert E. Lee emerges to thwart the attack… Gen. John Pope replaces McClellan
Second Bull Run (Manassas) July-August 1862 South wins again (Lee) Federals withdraw to Washington… Lincoln replaces Pope with McClellan
Antietam (September 1862) Lee invades Maryland… McClellan intercepts Lee’s plans… Bloodiest day of the war… Considered one of the most decisive battles in world history… Lee retreats, McClellan doesn’t pursue.. (he’s replaced by Ambrose Burnside) Really a “draw” but Lincoln considers it a badly needed victory…
Emancipation Proclamation Effective Jan. 1, 1863 Changed the moral cause of the war… Only freed slaves in areas of rebellion… Reaction North South Europe
Chancellorsville (May 1863) Lee had defeated Burnside at Fredericksburg in 1862 – he was replaced by Joseph Hooker… At Chancellorsville Lee… Stonewall Jackson killed… “I have lost my right arm…” Hooker is replaced by George Meade…
Gettysburg (July ) Lee invades PA… Bloodiest battle of Civil War… 1 st Day: Confederates take Gettysburg – Union takes high ground (Little Round Top & Cementary Ridge)
Day 2: Lee tries to flank Union right and left…they hold Day 3: Lee orders George Pickett to charge the center… “High Tide of the Confederacy”…
Lee retreats … Meade doesn’t pursue… Gettysburg Address (November 1863)…
Vicksburg Falls (July 4, 1863) 7 month siege… Last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi… Cuts Confederacy in half…
Sherman’s March To the Sea (Sept.-Dec. 1864) Burns Atlanta and SC to the ground… 60 miles wide – 300 miles long path of destruction… “Total War”…
Politics & the Election of 1864 Peace Democrats nominate McClellan… Union Party (Republicans and War Democrats) nominate Lincoln VP Andrew Johnson (TN) “Don’t swap horses in the middle of the river” Lincoln felt…
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address “With malice towards none, with charity for all…”
Grant’s Virginia Campaign (May 1864 – April 1865) Grant promoted over Meade after Gettysburg… His strategy – constant attack…would result in 50,000 Union casualties… “Grant the Butcher” Heavy Union losses but keeps pressure on Lee… Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Petersburg Richmond
Appomattox Court House, VA – April 9, 1865
Generous terms of surrender… Horses… Grant: “The war is over…”
April 14, 1865 (Good Friday) Lincoln goes to Ford’s Theatre to watch Our American Cousin… Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth “Sic semper Tyrannus” Part of a larger conspiracy…
Aftermath. Most destructive 620,000 die over a million total casualties unknown number of civilian dead Cost $15 billion (about $1.5 trillion today) 4 Million Slaves freed Accelerated industrialization and modernization of the U.S. Railroads & Steel Industry Textiles Food Processing