Five-Kingdom Survey Taxonomy – Categories called taxa (singular = taxon) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Five-Kingdom Survey King Philip Came Over For Gina's Spaghetti Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Sand

Five-Kingdom Survey Examples: – Canis familiaris = domesticated dog – Canis lupis = wolf – Canis latrans = coyote Classification based on phylogeny or evolutionary relationships. – Knowing the characteristics that define organisms within a taxon, you can determine evolutionary relationships among organisms. Systematics- study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Five-Kingdom Survey Five kingdoms (six) – Kingdom Monera Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria – Kingdom Protista – Kingdom Fungi – Kingdom Plantae – Kingdom Animalia

Five-Kingdom Survey Kingdom Monera – Prokaryotes Lack nuclei No membrane-bound organelles Single circular DNA molecule Plasmids – Small circular DNA molecules Cell wall – Peptidoglycan Small in size compared to eukaryotes

Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera Organized by their mode of nutrition (metabolize resources) – Autotrophs- manufacture their own organic compounds. Photoautotrophs- use light energy (photosynthesis) Chemoautotrophs- use energy obtained from inorganic substances (chemosynthesis) – Hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, nitrous oxide

Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera Organized by their mode of nutrition (metabolize resources) – Heterotrophs- obtain their energy by consuming organic substances produced by autotrophs. Some heterotrophic bacteria are parasites- obtain their energy from the living tissues of a host. Saprophytes (decomposers)- obtain their energy from dead, decaying matter.

Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera Another important feature in describing prokaryotes is their ability to survive in the presence or absence of oxygen – Obligate aerobes- must have oxygen to live – Obligate anaerobes- can only survive in the absence of oxygen – Facultative anaerobe- grows in the presence of oxygen but, can switch to an anaerobic metabolism when oxygen is absent.

Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera Eubacteria (“true” bacteria) Characteristics – Prokaryotes, Unicellular, Microscopic – Cell walls general composed of peptidoglycan – Ability to produce endospores Resistant bodies that contain the genetic material and a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a durable wall. – Motility Flagella, gliding, or corkscrew motion – Classified into three shapes Cocci (sherical), Bacilli (rod shape), Spirilla (spirals) – Two broad groups of bacteria Gram positive Gram negative

Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera Eubacteria (“true” bacteria) Ecological role – Most are decomposers – Some parasitic and pathogenic – Some chemosynthetic autotrophs – Some photosynthetic – Important in recycling nitrogen and other elements

Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera Archaeabacteria Characteristics – Prokaryotes – Unicellular – Microscopic – Ribosomes are more similar to ribosomes of eukaryotes than to those of eubacteria. Cont’ – Peptidoglycan absent in cell walls. – Plasma membranes contain lipids that differ from other organisms. – Differ biochemically from eubacteria.

Five-Kingdom Survey-Kingdom Monera Archaeabacteria Ecological role – Methanogens Anaerobic Heterotrophic bacteria that produce methane, CH 4 Inhabit sewage, swamps, and animal digestive tracts. – Extreme halophiles (“salt lovers”) inhabit salty environments. – Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea Most are aerobic and heterotrophic, while others are anaerobic and photosynthetic. – Extreme thermophiles (“heat and acid lovers”) inhabit hot, sometimes acidic environments. – 60 to 80 C and pH 2 to 4 Found in mineral springs, thermal volcanic vents on ocean floor Chemoautotrophs, using H 2 S as their source of energy