Eukaryotes1 2 3 Prokaryotes In the five kingdoms of classification, eukaryotes were distributed among four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Protists are eukaryotes and thus are much more complex than the prokaryotes. Most of the known Protists are unicellular, but some are colonial مستعمرات and others multi-cellular. Many Protists form resistant cells (cysts) حوصلة that can survive in harsh conditions. Second: Kingdom of Protista مملكة الطلائعيات Lecture 14: Kingdoms of Living Organisms

1) Nutrition التغذية : Some Protists are photoautotrophs with chloroplasts, heterotrophs or mixotrophs. 2) Movement الحركة : Most Protists move with flagella or cilia during some time in their life cycles. 3) Reproduction التكاثر : Mitosis occurs in almost all Protists. Some Protists are asexualلاجنسياً Characters of Protists

1- Euglena اليوجلينا Systematic Position الوضع التقسيمي Kingdom: Protista الطلائعيات Subkingdom: Protozoa تحت مملكة الأوليات Phylum: Mastigophora شعبة السوطيات Euglena sp. Can use chloroplasts to undergo photosynthesis if light is available or live as a heterotroph by absorbing organic nutrients from the environment. Reproduce asexually by “binary fission”. Sometimes form resistant cells (cysts) that can survive in harsh conditions. Examples of Protists

سوط مستشعر ضوئي فجوة منقبضة بلاستيدة خضراء حبيبات النواة الغشاء البلازمي أشرطة بروتينية بقعة عينية Euglena

2- Trypanosoma التريبانوسوما Systematic Position: Kingdom: Protista الطلائعيات Subkingdom: Protozoa تحت مملكة الأوليات Phylum: Mastigophora شعبة السوطيات Trypanosoma sp. It is pathogenic parasite. Causes African sleeping sickness مرض النوم الأفريقي

3- Plasmodium البلازموديوم Systematic Position: Kingdom: Protista الطلائعيات Subkingdom: Protozoa تحت مملكة الأوليات Phylum: Sporozoa (Apicomplexa) شعبة البوغيات Plasmodium sp بلازموديوم الملاريا Plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria, spends part of its life in mosquitoes and part in humans.

الطور الطور المعدي الحويصلات الجرثومية الحويصلات البيضية

Systematic Position: Kingdom: Protista الطلائعيات Subkingdom: Protozoa تحت مملكة الأوليات Phylum: Ciliophora شعبة الهدبيات Paramecium sp البراميسيوم The Ciliophora (ciliates) is named for their use of cilia to move and feed. Most ciliates live in freshwater. Paramecium: has cilia along the oral groove الميزاب الفمي draw in food يبلع الغذاء by phagocytosis, and expels ويُخرج accumulated water from the contractile vacuole الفجوة المنقبضة. 4- Paramecium البراميسيوم

الأهداب الفجوة الغذائية الميزاب الفمي النواة الصغيرة النواة الكبيرة الفجوة المنقبضة Paramecium has two types of nuclei, a large macronucleus and a tiny micronucleus. Paramecium generally reproduce asexually by binary fission of the macronucleus, rather than mitotic division. The micronucleus is required for sexual processes that generate genetic variation.

Systematic Position: Kingdom: Protista الطلائعيات Subkingdom: Protozoa تحت مملكة الأوليات Phylum: Sarcodian شعبة اللحميات Amoeba sp الأميبا 5- Amoeba الأميبا Amoebas are all unicellular and use pseudopodia الأقدام الكاذبة to move and to feed. Amoeboid movement الحركة الأميبية occurs by changes in microtubules and microfilaments in the cytoskeleton.

Pseudopodia activity is directed toward food. Amoebas inhabit freshwater, marine environments and soils Most species are free-living heterotrophs. Some are important parasites. These include Entamoeba histolytica which causes amoeboid dysentery مرض الدوسنتاريا in humans. These organisms spread by contaminated drinking water, food, and eating utensils.