at XFELs Joachim Schulz Sample Delivery Methods for Biology Experiments

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs 2 28 th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH The cell and some of it’s components

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs 3 28 th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Some examples from the protein data base Enzymes

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs 4 28 th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Ultimate goal: Imaging of a single biomolecule R. Neutze et al, Nature 406 (2000)

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs 5 28 th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH The Problem: Radiation Damage M.R. Howells, et al, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 170 (2009)

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs 6 28 th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Lensless imaging Free particles give good prior knowledge

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs 7 28 th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH First diffraction before destruction experiment H.N.Chapman et al. Nature Physics 2, 839 (2006) First shot Second shot At the soft x-ray FEL FLASH in Hamburg/Germany

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs 8 28 th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH The European XFEL project 3.4 km X-ray laser 2km superconducting accelerator 1km undulator beamlines Six scientific instruments

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs 9 28 th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH The European XFEL project

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Single Particles and Biomolecules (SPB) Optics for 100 nm focussing Two sample chambers Two detector systems Intelligent beam stop for x-ray diagnostics

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Serial femtosecond crystallography Chapman, H. N., et al., Nature (2011).

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Towards a 3D image 1.Many single particle images 2.Classify for orientation 3.Average each class 4.Combine to 3D image 5.reconstruct Need of many samples

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Two methods: Liquid jets and aerosols TechnologyLiquid jetAerodynamic lens Bio-samples in natural environment Stays in solution ++ Slow dry-out + Background in coherent imaging Jet-scattering -- Rest gas O Alignmentjet-fluorescence ++ Low sample density - Dry particlesAlways in solution -- Any aerosol ++ Gas loadevaporation & gas -- Evaporation & gas -

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Aerosols

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Aerodynamic lens stack Peng Liu et al. Aerosol Science and Technology, 22, 293 (1995)

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Aerodynamic lens stack

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Prototype

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Versatile aerodynamic lens setup M. Bogan et al. Phys. Rev. special topics - accelerators and beams 13, (2010)

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Liquids

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Liquids Liquid jets Imaging and spectroscopy Refreshing sample Sheets and round jets possible Diameter <1µm possible Can contain solid samples High gas load Liquid drops Jets break up into droplets Freeze or dry out in vacuum Comparable size to jet Can be used as aerosol source for aerodynamic lens

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Gas dynamic virtual nozzle DePonte D. P. et al. J Phys D (2008)

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH European XFEL liquid jet concept A compact liquid jet setup Modular setup Nozzle and catcher independently exchangeable

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Perspective: Making better use of bunches Repetition Rate FLASH: 10 Hz bunch trains FERMI: 10 Hz LCLS: 120 Hz European XFEL: 10 Hz bunch trains Using the time structure Synchronized breakup Drop on demand Pulsing the aerodynamic lens Pulsed source (save sample) Output shutter (reduce gas load) Danger of clogging!

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Electrospray Ionization Droplet fission Solvent evaporation Naked protein complexes Positive or negative ion mode

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Integration of MS into an XFEL

Sample delivery methods for biology experiments at XFELs th May 2013, 3 rd EIROforum School on Instrumentation Joachim Schulz, Group Leader Sample Environment, European XFEL GmbH Conclusions A compact liquid jet setup