Bulk of Italians (really Sicilians) coming to US between (ca. 4 million) Lifestyle and Identity prior to migration Discrimination in US Development of Fraternal Societies Impact of Red Scare in early 20 th c. Execution of Sacco and Vanzetti (1927) Immigration Restriction Leagues, Eugenics, and Legal Restriction
Prior to 1880s small numbers of “Italians” in US According to 1850 census 3,645 (living mainly in South) Some names with which you might recognize: Navigators, Amerigo Vespucci and John Cabot (real name is Gianni Caboto known for having landed in parts of Canada and New England in 1497)
Italy doesn’t exist until 1860s – 1870s; until then a conglomerate of independent states. Mostly Sicilians to US In absence of a national identity - identity based on village of origin ( campanilismo; from the term, campanile) Tradition of anti-cleric Immigrants, mainly from Sicily, carry with them these traditions
1870 map of unified Italy after fall of Papal States
Patron St. Celia Patron St. Rocco
Not unlike other ethnic mutual aid societies we have studied Provide financial assistance (la pieta ), social organization, ethnic solidarity in face of discrimination E.g., Italo-American National Union (1925); Bank of Napoli—Bank of Italy– until 1928 – Bank of America (founded by Amadeo Pietro Giannini ) Dime Savings, Lithuanian Dollar Savings, etc
Impact of Mussolini Bolshevik Revolution Fear of Anarchism in US Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917;1918)
Results in 1921 Emergency Quota Act – 3% of number of foreign born according to 1910 Census, which results in accepting ca. 55% from N. and W. Europe and ca. 45% from other nations (as of 1917 Asiatic Barred Zone excludes all Asians from migrating except for Filipinos and Japanese) 1924 Immigration Restriction Act (Johnson-Reed Act) informed by Eugenics results in 2% of foreign born according to 1890 Census, which was before the arrival of the bulk of S. and E. Europeans. (Leads to 85% N/W European migration). Excludes all Asians except Filipinos.