© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Diversity Amid Globalization Latin America Sandra Zupan University of Kentucky Chapter 4 Lecture 6th Edition

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives Explain the relationships among elevation, climate, and agricultural production in Latin America, especially in tropical highland areas. Identify the major environmental issues of Latin America and how countries are addressing them. Summarize the demographic issues impacting this region, such as rural-to-urban migration, urbanization, smaller families, and emigration. Describe the cultural mixing of European and Amerindian groups in this region and indicate where Amerindian cultures thrive today.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Learning Objectives (Continued) Explain the global reach of Latino culture through immigration, sport, music, and television. Describe the Iberian colonization of the region and how it affected the formation of today’s modern states. Identify major Amerindian groups today and their efforts toward territorial and political recognition. Identify the major trade blocs in Latin America and how they are influencing development. Summarize the significance of primary exports from Latin America, especially agricultural commodities, minerals, wood products, and fossil fuels. Identify the important energy sources for Latin America and how they have shifted since Describe the neoliberal economic reforms that have been applied to Latin America and how they have influenced the region’s development.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Key Concepts Altitudinal zonation El Niño Deforestation Urban primacy Megacity Informal sector Rural-to-urban migration Land tenure and reform Remittances Columbian exchange Syncretic religions Treaty of Tordesillas Regional trade blocks Neoliberalism Maquiladoras Fair trade Dependency theory Dollarization Bolsa Familia

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Setting the Boundaries From the Rio Grande to Tierra del Fuego Shared colonial history Iberian and Indian influences

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Latin America Multiethnic –Colonial landscape –Indigenous peoples Highly urbanized –Megacities

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Physical Geography and Environmental Issues Neotropical diversity –Tropical ecosystems in the Western Hemisphere The Andes –The mineral- rich mountain chain Bolivian Altiplano

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Topography: The Uplands Mexico and Central America –Long-term settlement –Significant agricultural production Mexico’s Mesa Central

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Topography: Rivers The river basins –The Amazon –Plata –Orinoco Energy supply –Dams

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Climate of Latin America

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Altitudinal Zonation and El Niño Altitudinal zonation –Cooler temperatures at higher elevations –Range of crops El Niño –A warm Pacific current results in heavy rains and flooding.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Impacts of Climate Change Immediate concerns –Agriculture –Glacial retreat –Water availability –Diseases Long-term concerns –Mixed and unclear

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Environmental Issues Deforestation Desertification Water and air pollution

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Conversion of tropical forests for beef production Grassification

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Urban Environmental Challenges Air pollution –Santiago and Mexico City

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Population and Settlement Coastal areas Urban primacy Megalopolis

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Demographic Indicators Note variation in “Percent Urban.”

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Urban Form Colonial core –Central business district Outer rings –Squatter settlements

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Squatter Settlements The urban poor Substandard living conditions Informal sector

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Patterns of Rural Settlement Latifundia Minifundia Agrarian reform Agricultural frontiers Amazon Mining Town

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Population Growth and Mobility Rapid growth: 1960s and 1970s Flows within and outside of Latin America

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Migration Rural-to-urban migration European migration Asian migration Border movements –Remittances Japanese Brazilians

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Cultural Coherence and Diversity Demographic collapse and indigenous populations Columbian exchange

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Indigenous Populations Survival in isolated areas –Land Recognition –Rebellion –Political elections

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Complex ethnic patterns Persistence of indigenous languages Syncretic religions Interactions Between European, African, and Indigenous Populations Patterns of Ethnicity and Culture

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Spanish Portuguese Indigenous Languages

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Cultural Diversity Catholicism Carnival in Rio de Janeiro

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. The Global Reach of Latino Culture Telenovelas –Popular soap operas –International popularity Soccer –Nine World Cups won Musical and dance traditions –Tango –Mariachi –Samba

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Geopolitical Framework Treaty of Tordesillas Revolutionary movements and independence Persistent border conflicts Trends toward democracy

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Regional Organizations Supranational –Trade blocs Subnational –Ethnicity and ideology

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Insurgencies and Drug Trafficking Violence: Mexico, Central America, Colombia

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic and Social Development Middle-income countries –Diversity among and within countries –Reduction of extreme poverty

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Development Strategies Pre-1980s –Economic diversification and urbanization –Mixed levels of industrialization –Debt and hyperinflation 1990s on –Neoliberal reforms Privatization Direct foreign investment Free trade –Growth and income disparities

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Development Strategies Informal Sector Maquiladoras Primary Export Commodities

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Global Coffee Production Latin America: 58 percent of the world’s production –Fair trade and organic coffee

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. The Energy Sector Increased, diversified, and cleaner energy sources –Oil exports –Natural gas –Biofuels Increased consumption

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Latin America in the Global Economy Dependency theory Foreign investment and remittances Panama Canal expansion Dollarization

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Social Development Improved social well-being –Conditional cash transfer programs –Nongovernmental organizations Extreme variations –Rural and urban –Regional –Race and gender

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. The Status of Women Women’s Role in Politics