Table 1: Current Crude Death Rates of Selected Areas, 2001 Geographic AreaCDR World9 MDCs10 LDCs8 Guam4 Costa Rica4 Mexico5 China6 United States9 Japan9 Italy10 Pakistan11 Norway13 Monaco17 Afghanistan19 Malawi23 Niger24 Angola25

Table 2: ASDRs for Mexico and the United States

Table 4: Current rates of life expectancy Geographic AreaLife expectancy at birth World67 MDCs75 LDCs64 Guam74 Costa Rica77 Mexico75 China71 United States77 Japan81 Italy79 Pakistan60 Norway78 Afghanistan45 Malawi39 Niger41 Angola38

Lifetable uses: 1.Comparison of general health of populations 2.Insurance 3.Retirement planning/Social Security  “Milton 18, Destiny 0”

Changes in Mortality over Time: The Epidemiological Transition Definition: “the pattern of long-term shifts in health and disease patterns as mortality moves form high to low levels” 3 parts: Lower rates of death Chronic rather than infectious causes Timing of death = older ages

Table 4.2: The Meaning of Improvements in Life Expectancy First look at general measure of life expectancy Look down columns of % surviving to age 1, 5, 25, 65 Next, look down the columns of % of deaths occurring before age 5 and after 65 Births required for ZPG is a measure of natural increase

Premodern Mortality Death rates: life expectancy = Main Causes of death: Poor nutrition/starvation Main sociological situation: hunter-gatherer Age at death: half under 5, 10% over 65

Roman Era – Industrial Revolution Death rates: life expectancy = Main Causes of death: infectious disease Main sociological situation: settlement, trade Age at death: 40% under 5, 17% over 65

Industrial Revolution - Present Death rates: life expectancy = Main Causes of death: infectious diseases and famine, changing to chronic disease Main sociological situation: industrialization, urbanization, public health, modern medicine Age at death: less than 5% under 5, more than 75% over 65

Differences between MDCs and LDCs 1.Causes of decline in mortality 2.Speed of decline 3.Position within “World Systems” 4.Role of geography

Directions for group exercise: Answer these four questions: 1.Into what groups are people divided? 2.What health effect is being measured? 3.What story does the graph tell about social relationships and health? 4.What are the possible problems with this story?