Happy MLK Day What made MLK Jr. so important and so different within the civil rights movement? Where did he get his non-violent mode of operation? How important for the nation was this non-violence? What might have been the results to the nation if the civil rights movement had taken a different stand? Would MLK Jr. and the civil rights movement have been the same TODAY (rather than in the 1950s-1960s) with the Internet and hand-held devices?

Chapter 11-1 Quiz 1. Name two powers that states alone have. 2. Why are state constitutions longer than the federal Constitution? 3. What are two arguments for the federal government having a stronger government role than the states?

Open Book Quiz Chapter Name two powers that states alone have. Power to conduct elections Power to set up local governments 2. Why are state constitutions longer than the federal Constitution? They’re more detailed, less flexible, so more often changed 3. What are two arguments for the federal government having a stronger government role than the states? State programs vary widely, services not the same Some problems are too big for states to handle

Chapter 11-1 Federalism: One Nation, 50 States

Federalism Division of power Division of power between the national government between the national government state governments state governments Delegated Powers – national government only Delegated Powers – national government only Reserved Powers – state powers only Reserved Powers – state powers only Concurrent Powers – shared powers by both Concurrent Powers – shared powers by both

Federalism Delegated Powers – national government Delegated Powers – national government Declare war Declare war Sign treaties Sign treaties Coin money Coin money Reserved Powers – state governments Reserved Powers – state governments All powers not given to national government All powers not given to national government Or all powers not denied to the states Or all powers not denied to the states Set up local governments Set up local governments Conduct elections Conduct elections Protect health and safety of citizens Protect health and safety of citizens

Federalism Concurrent Powers – shared by both Concurrent Powers – shared by both Collect taxes Collect taxes Borrow Money Borrow Money Enforce laws (court system) Enforce laws (court system) Raise quality of life of its citizens Raise quality of life of its citizens Provide public assistance Provide public assistance Government programs that help people in need Government programs that help people in need +

How Do States Join the U.S. ? Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set the rules Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set the rules Must have state constitution Must have state constitution Plan of government Plan of government Must be approved by territorial citizens Must be approved by territorial citizens Must be approved by Congress Must be approved by Congress Congress votes to admit Congress votes to admit

State vs. U.S. Constitution Similar in format to U.S. Constitution Similar in format to U.S. Constitution Preamble Preamble Explains the purpose of government Explains the purpose of government Bill of Rights Bill of Rights Establishes 3 branches of government Establishes 3 branches of government Legislative, executive, judicial Legislative, executive, judicial More detailed More detailed More specific – less flexible More specific – less flexible More amendments by constitutional initiatives More amendments by constitutional initiatives Citizens propose amendments by petition Citizens propose amendments by petition States may completely rewrite Constitution States may completely rewrite Constitution

Federalism in Action Mix of National and State powers Mix of National and State powers Like a marble cake, not a layer cake Like a marble cake, not a layer cake

States vs. National Powers Balance of Power Continuing problem Continuing problem Balance of State and National power Balance of State and National power

Argument for Greater State Powers States differ greatly in their needs States differ greatly in their needs Citizens more affected by state governments Citizens more affected by state governments Better able to deal with local issues Better able to deal with local issues Able to experiment – proof of concept Able to experiment – proof of concept For adoption later by national government For adoption later by national government Division of power makes each level more efficient Division of power makes each level more efficient

Arguments for Greater National Powers States differ greatly in their programs/services States differ greatly in their programs/services Not equal for all citizens Not equal for all citizens Some issues are too big for states to deal with Some issues are too big for states to deal with Environmental issues, civil rights Environmental issues, civil rights

Open Book Quiz Chapter Define constitutional initiative. 2. Define public assistance. 3. Name two powers that states alone have. 4. Why are state constitutions longer than the federal Constitution? 5. What are two arguments for the federal government having a stronger government role than the states?

Open Book Quiz Chapter Define constitutional initiative. A process for the people to propose amendments to the constitution by gathering petitions 2. Define public assistance. Programs that help poor people 3. Name two powers that states alone have. Power to conduct elections Power to set up local governments

Open Book Quiz Chapter Why are state constitutions longer than the federal Constitution? They’re more detailed, less flexible, so more often changed. 5. What are two arguments for the federal government having a stronger government role than the states? State programs vary widely, services not the same Some problems are too big for states to handle

Quiz Chapter Define recall 2. Define revenue 3. Name two products that are taxed by excise taxes? 4. On what basis are seats in state legislatures apportioned? 5. What two lawmaking powers allow citizens to participate in the lawmaking process?

Open Book Quiz Chapter Define item veto 2. In what 3 ways are the roles of the governor similar to those of the President? 3. How is the governor’s team in the executive branch different than the President’s Cabinet?

Quiz Chapter Define recall Process of removing elected officials from office 2. Define revenue Income to government 3. Name two products that are taxed by excise taxes? Tobacco, alcohol

Quiz Chapter On what basis are seats in state legislatures apportioned? Population 5. What two lawmaking powers allow citizens to participate in the lawmaking process. Initiative and referendum

Quiz Chapter Define item veto Power to reject parts of a bill. 2. In what 3 ways are the roles of the governor similar to those of the President? Executive – enforces the laws, makes budget Legislative – proposes legislation, vetoes bills Judicial – appoints judges, pardons criminals 3. How is the governor’s team in the executive branch different than the President’s Cabinet? Many are elected, not chosen by governor

Chapter 11-2 State Legislatures

Who Are State Legislators? Formerly part-time citizen-legislators Formerly part-time citizen-legislators Now more are full-time lawmakers Now more are full-time lawmakers Qualifications Qualifications U.S. citizens U.S. citizens Live in state/district they represent Live in state/district they represent Senators (D#4) -CO has 35 Senators (D#4) -CO has 35 At least 25 years old At least 25 years old Serve 4 year terms Serve 4 year terms Members of Congress (D#19) -CO has 65 Members of Congress (D#19) -CO has 65 At least 21 years old At least 21 years old Serve 2 year terms Serve 2 year terms Seats are apportioned – divided among districts that are roughly equal in population Seats are apportioned – divided among districts that are roughly equal in population

State Powers of the People Citizens have a greater voice in governing states Citizens have a greater voice in governing states Initiatives Initiatives Citizen-proposed laws Citizen-proposed laws Begins with a petition Begins with a petition Referendum Referendum Legislature-proposed laws Legislature-proposed laws Voters approve or reject Voters approve or reject Recall Recall Process of removing elected officials Process of removing elected officials Begins with a petition Begins with a petition

Checks and Balances by Legislature Approves appointments by the governor Approves appointments by the governor Approves the budget proposed by the governor Approves the budget proposed by the governor Possesses the power to impeach Possesses the power to impeach

Financing State Government Three main sources of revenue Three main sources of revenue Income to government from taxes State taxes State taxes Federal Funds Federal Funds Other Sources Other Sources

Sources of State Revenue Sales taxes – charges on purchases Sales taxes – charges on purchases General sales tax - goods and services General sales tax - goods and services Excise taxes – certain goods, “sin taxes” Excise taxes – certain goods, “sin taxes” Income taxes – charges on income Income taxes – charges on income Based on what citizens and businesses earn Based on what citizens and businesses earn Severance taxes Severance taxes Depletion of oil, timber, ore resources Depletion of oil, timber, ore resources User Fees User Fees Licenses, permits Licenses, permits

Federal Funds Categorical Grants Categorical Grants Specific programs and purposes Specific programs and purposes Job training for the disabled Job training for the disabled Highway construction Highway construction Block Grants Block Grants General purposes General purposes Health care Health care Fewer restrictions on spending this money Fewer restrictions on spending this money

Other State Revenue Sources Bonds - loans Bonds - loans A bond is a promise to pay a certain amount of money A bond is a promise to pay a certain amount of money Paid back plus interest after a specific time Paid back plus interest after a specific time

Other State Revenue Sources Lotteries Lotteries Parks and Open Space programs Parks and Open Space programs Less than 5% of total state revenue Less than 5% of total state revenue A tax on the lower income? A tax on the lower income?

Chapter 11-3 State Executive Branch

Roles of the Governor Chief Executive Chief Executive Enforces state laws Enforces state laws Power to appoint state officials Power to appoint state officials Budget-maker* – greatest source of executive power Budget-maker* – greatest source of executive power Commander-in-Chief Commander-in-Chief State militia (National Guard) State militia (National Guard) Legislative Leader Legislative Leader May propose legislation May propose legislation Can veto bills Can veto bills Line-item veto – veto parts of a bill Line-item veto – veto parts of a bill

Roles of the Governor Judicial Role Judicial Role Can appoint certain judges Can appoint certain judges Can commute sentences Can commute sentences Can pardon criminals Can pardon criminals

Qualification for Governor years old years old U.S. citizen U.S. citizen State resident State resident Each term is 4 years Each term is 4 years Half states limit governor to 2 terms Half states limit governor to 2 terms Includes Colorado Includes Colorado

Other Executive Officials Lt Governor – Lt Governor – Similar to the Vice President Similar to the Vice President Dem. Joe Garcia Dem. Joe Garcia Secretary of State Secretary of State Official records and oversees elections Official records and oversees elections Rep Scott Gessler Rep Scott Gessler State Attorney General State Attorney General Chief legal advisor - Rep John Suthers Chief legal advisor - Rep John Suthers State Treasurer – Rep Walker Stapleton State Treasurer – Rep Walker Stapleton Oversees financial affairs Oversees financial affairs Many state officials are elected, not appointed Many state officials are elected, not appointed More than in the federal executive branch More than in the federal executive branch

State Executive Agencies Health and Social Services Health and Social Services Department of Revenue Department of Revenue Natural Resources Natural Resources Education Education Purpose: To carry out the work of the executive branch Purpose: To carry out the work of the executive branch

Chapter 11-4 State Courts

What State Courts Do Interpret state constitution and state laws Interpret state constitution and state laws Decide on constitutionality of laws Decide on constitutionality of laws Checks and Balances Checks and Balances

3 Levels of State Courts 1. State Trial Courts Civil Cases Civil Cases Wills, divorce, child custody, small claims Wills, divorce, child custody, small claims Criminal Cases Criminal Cases Drunk driving, robberies, assault Drunk driving, robberies, assault 2. State Appeals Courts Hear appeals from the trial courts Hear appeals from the trial courts 3. State Supreme Court Highest level of state court Highest level of state court

Selection of State Judges 1. Elected by citizens Advantages Advantages Responsible to the people Responsible to the people Decisions directly affect them Decisions directly affect them Governor can’t appoint own people Governor can’t appoint own people 2. Appointed by governor Advantages Advantages Must rule on the law, not voter’s interest Must rule on the law, not voter’s interest Merit and ability are key, not electability Merit and ability are key, not electability

State Judges Missouri Plan (combination) Missouri Plan (combination) Governor appoints judges from an approved list Governor appoints judges from an approved list Voters decide at next election to retain or not Voters decide at next election to retain or not Colorado method Colorado method Term of Office Term of Office In most states, 4-15 year terms In most states, 4-15 year terms Most are subject to impeachment Most are subject to impeachment Some can be recalled Some can be recalled

The End