1. Read each case: Crazy or Not Crazy? 2. How would your group define: Psychological Disorder”?

 Patterns of thoughts, feelings or behaviors that are deviant, distressful and dysfunctional!

 Behaviors that are: ◦ Maladaptive- destructive to oneself/others ◦ Unjustifiable- without a rational basis ◦ Disturbing- troublesome to other people ◦ Atypical- so different that a “norm” is violated

 Demonic possession, godlike powers, evil spirits, movement of the stars…  Caged in zoolike conditions ◦ Treatment-  Torture: beating, burning, castration  Exorcism  Pulling teeth  Removing intestines  Animal blood transfusions  Trephination  Drilling holes in the skull

 Madness is a sickness of the mind  Worked to eliminate brutality  Created Hospitals instead of Asylums ◦ Treatment-  Talking to patients  Boosting morale  Gentleness  Activity  Cleanliness

 Medical Model ◦ Mental diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed on the basis of their treatable symptoms and cured through treatment in a hospital. ◦ Nature vs. Nurture?

 Biopsychosocial approach: ◦ Assumes that biological, psychological and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.  Genetic & Physiological factors  Past & Present Experiences

 Classification creates order  Classified according to: ◦ Describe the disorder ◦ Predict its future course ◦ Imply appropriate treatment ◦ Stimulate research

 DSM-IV-TR (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4 th edition)  Categories of mental disorders  Descriptions  DSM III: dropped homosexuality, manic depressive (bipolar)  Diagnosis for Insurance  Drawback and advantages of labeling?

 ADD/ADHD Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ◦ Inattention, distractibility, restlessness ◦ Ritalin/Adderall (stimulant) ◦ 1/3 cases continue to adulthood  Autistic Disorder Failure to develop normal patterns of emotional responses, communication & social interactions. ◦ Diagnosed before 3 ◦ Echolalia: symptom in which person echoes what has just been said.

 Autism  x.cfm?guidAssetId=B5C2DEBA-D7C9- 415E-A466- 0B61E025F6A7&blnFromSearch=1&product code=DHC

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2. Panic Disorder 3. Phobias 4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 5. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◦ A person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. ◦ 2/3rds are women ◦ Symptoms:  Constantly worry, Often jittery, Agitated, Sleep-deprived, Difficulty concentrating, Perspiration, Fidgeting, Depression, High blood pressure ◦ Freud: “Free-Floating”  Person can’t identify, and therefore cannot deal with or avoid it’s cause.

2. Panic Disorder (Panic Attacks) ◦ An anxiety TORNADO!! ◦ Marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread. ◦ Person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, heart palpatations, choking, or other frightening sensations. ◦ 1/75 people

3. Phobias ◦ Marked by a persistent, irrational fear ◦ Avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation ◦ Social Phobia  A shyness taken to an extreme  Avoid potentially embarrassing situations  Speaking up, eating out ◦ Agoraphobia  Fear of the place where the fear took place!

 Hematophobia  Nyctophobia  Claustrophobia  Spermophobia  Musophobia  Ophidiophobia  Arachnophobia  Aerophobia  Agoraphobia  Sciophobia  Dendrophobia  Acrophobia  Decidophobia  Hippophobia  Kleptophobia  Necrophobia  Nudophobia  Pyrophobia  Somniphobia

Fear

Fear vs. Phobias

4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ◦ Characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). ◦ Interfere with everyday living ◦ Washing ◦ Checking

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◦ Characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia ◦ Must linger for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience

 OCD and treatment  Posttraumatic Stress Disorder  Panic Attacks  x.cfm?guidAssetId= F-EF55- 4D19-A74B- 1C8863FCB873&blnFromSearch=1&produc tcode=US x.cfm?guidAssetId= F-EF55- 4D19-A74B- 1C8863FCB873&blnFromSearch=1&produc tcode=US

 Fear conditioning ◦ Stimulus generalization ◦ Reinforcement  Observational learning

 Natural selection  Genes ◦ Anxiety gene ◦ Glutamate  The Brain ◦ Anterior cingulate cortex

 Physical Problems occur for psychological reasons.  1. Conversion Disorder: a rare disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found  Paralysis, blindness, sensitivity to pain  2. Hypochondriasis: person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of the disease

Broken away from your sense of self, memories, thoughts and feelings.  Amnesia: Traumatic events seem to disappear from memory.  Fugue: Forgetting current life and starting a new one elsewhere.  Dissociative Identity Disorder: Person divides self into separate personalities that can act independently. (Multiple Personalities)

 DSM: 1. 2 or more distinct independent personalities 2. 2 personalities that take on a recurring role in controlling the person’s behavior 3. Person exhibits aspects of amnesia 4. Condition is not brought on by substance abuse or general medical conditions

 Genuine or not?  DID rates  Therapist creation?  Differences are too great  DID & other disorders

 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) Dissociative identity disorder (DID) ◦ Multiple personality disorder

 What caused your depression?  How did you handle it?  Are certain times more likely to leave you depressed… ◦ During your day? ◦ During your week? ◦ During your month? ◦ During your year?  Why?...

1. Major Depressive Disorder : severe depression; must have 5/9 symptoms for 2 or more weeks: ◦ Depressed mood most of the day ◦ Diminished interest in activities ◦ Significant weight loss/gain ◦ Insomnia nearly every night ◦ Fatigue/loss of energy ◦ Psychomotor agitation ◦ Feelings of worthlessness ◦ Unable to think/concentrate ◦ Recurrent thoughts of death  15% die by suicide

2. Bipolar Disorder (Manic/Depressive):  Manic episodes alternating with episodes of depression; ◦ Racing thoughts ◦ Easily distracted ◦ Over talkative ◦ Over active ◦ Speech: loud, flighty ◦ Reckless spending ◦ Unsafe sex

Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective

 Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) Seasonal Affective Disorder ◦ Difficulty waking up ◦ Oversleep ◦ Overeat/weight gain ◦ Lack of energy  Postpartum depression Postpartum depression ◦ Nothing to do with child ◦ Crying ◦ Irritable ◦ Reduced libido

Biopsychosocial Approach to Depression

Major Depressive Disorder

 Most frightening and misunderstood disorder  It is a family of related disorders  NOT split personality, breaking away from reality  1% of the population  Men and women  Develops in adolescence or early adulthood or early adulthood

1.Disorganized Thinking = Delusions ◦ …of Grandeur: More important than you really are ◦ …of persecution: People are out to get you ◦ …of sin or guilt: Being responsible for misfortunes ◦ …of influence: Being controlled by outside forces 2.Hallucinations ◦ Hearing: Voices telling person they are bad, or to do something ◦ Seeing, Smelling, Tasting and Feeling things that are not there 3.Inappropriate Emotions & Actions ◦ Cry vs. laugh ◦ Angry for no reason ◦ Emotionless state of flat affect ◦ Motor behavior: Rocking ◦ Motionless for hours

Types of Schizophrenia

Inflexible/enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. Antisocial Personality- (Sociopath & Psychopath)  Lack of conscience & personal responsibility by age 15  In constant conflict with the law: lie, steal, fight  Typically male  Superficial charm and high intelligence  Inability to establish lasting relationships  Untruthfulness, insincerity, manipulative  Feel and fear little to nothing

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