Sensation and Perception 19th October 2007

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Presentation transcript:

Sensation and Perception 19th October 2007

Information-processing system Sensation: stimulation of receptors - registered in the brain Perception: brain interprets sensations

Differences in sensory and perceptual capabilities Among species (dog x men’s range of hearing) Among individuals (taste preferences) Why?  Variations in how sensory systems are structured  Higher order processes

Processing information: “bottom-up,” or data driven processing “top-down,” or conceptually driven processing

Stimulus The quality of a stimulus (color, musical pitch) The quantity of a stimulus (brightness, loudness)

Stimulus detection Sensory threshold Distracting factors:  Background noise  Spontaneous activities of sensory cells  Motivation (costs)  Expectations

Stimulus discrimination Weber - Fechner’s law the amount by which a stimulus must be increased to produce a just noticeable difference tends to be a constant proportion of the initial stimulus intensity

Sensory adaptation Reduced ability to provide information after prolonged, constant stimulation Why?  Sensitivity to CHANGES

Perceiving a complex world Direct perspective: all the information comes from the outer world Constructivist perspective: we must supplement it with additional information stored in memory  schemas

Expectations and perceptions Perceptual set Expectations based on schemas

Basic perceptual processes Form perception Perceptual constancy Depth perception

Form perception Gestalt psychologists (Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler)  Subjective contours  Rules or principles of perceptual grouping  Overestimation of bottom-up processing

Figure and ground Bottom-up and top-down processing

Depth perception Binocular disparity Monocular depth cues  Motion parallax  Relative size  Relative closeness to horizon  Linear perspective  Texture gradient  Partial overlap  Light and shadow

Disorders of perception Sensory distortions  changes in quality, intensity, spatial form of perception (toxic state, depression, migraine…) Sensory deceptions  Illusions  Hallucinations

Hallucinations Perceptions which arise in the absence of any external stimulus (false perception) unwilled - not subject to conscious manipulations same qualities as a real perception perceived as being located in the external world auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory hypnogogic (visual or auditory) palinopsia (reappearance - Parkinson’s) of bodily sensations (temperature, touch, fluid)

Illusions involuntary false perception consequent on a real object in which a transformation of the object takes place distortions of real objects extreme tiredness and emotions  completion (banished by attention)  affective (fear)  pareidolic (shapes in clouds)