Fig. 16-CO, p. 447

Fig. 16-1, p. 449

Fig. 16-2, p. 450

Fig. 16-3, p. 451

Fig. 16-4, p. 451

Carrying capacity Environmental resistance J curve S curve Number of individuals Time

Fig. 16-5, p. 452

aRandombClumpedcUniform

Fig. 16-6a, p. 454

Fig. 16-6b, p. 455

Box 16-1, p. 456

Fig. 16-7, p. 457

Hundreds of hours of exposure in six months Zone I Standard mean high water, 5.0 ft II Standard mean sea level, 3.0 ft III Intertidal height (m) Intertidal height (ft) Standard mean lower low water, 0.0: tidal datum 0.0 IV 0.5 a b

Fig. 16-8, p. 458

Fig. 16-9a, p. 458

Fig. 16-9b, p. 458

Fig. 16-9c, p. 458

Fig , p. 459

Fig , p. 459

Fig a, p. 460

Fig b, p. 461

Fig c, p. 461

Fig , p. 462

0 0 Depth (m) Depth (ft) 700 2, hr hr Sunset hr a , hr06.00 hr hr Sunrise hr b Depth (m) Depth (ft)

Fig , p. 463

Fig , p. 463

Fig , p. 464

Fig , p. 464

Fig a, p. 465

Fig b, p. 465

Fig c, p. 465

Fig , p. 465

Fig , p. 466

Bottom current Chimney Precipitation FeO(OH) MnO 2 Precipitation CaSO 4 FeS Sedimentation H 2 S in water Basalt Precipitation FeS,FeS 2,CuFeS 2 350°C (660°F) Magma Seawater seepage

Bottom current Chimney Precipitation CaSO 4 FeS Seawater seepage Basalt 350ºC (660ºF) 350ºC (660ºF) Basalt Precipitation FeS, FeS 2, CuFeS 2 H 2 S in water Sedimentation Precipitation FeO(OH) MnO 2 Stepped Art Fig , p. 466

Fig a, p. 467

Fig b, p. 467

Fig , p. 468

Fig , p. 469

Fig , p. 470