“ I say... segregation today … segregation tomorrow … segregation forever. ” Governor George Wallace Inauguration Speech Montgomery, Alabama January 14,

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“ I say... segregation today … segregation tomorrow … segregation forever. ” Governor George Wallace Inauguration Speech Montgomery, Alabama January 14, 1963

B o m b i n g h a m

Why Bombingham? Birmingham, Alabama was the site of 18 unsolved bombings. “ Bombingham ” witnessed 50 cross burnings between 1959 and The police were white supremacists who terrorized blacks. In 1963, civil rights activists targeted Birmingham for their desegregation campaign …

Birmingham 1963 April 2 - new mayor elected. Ousted mayor, Eugene “ Bull ” Connor, blames his loss on a black voting-block and refuses to give up his office. Birmingham has two city governments April 3 - SCLC launches massive anti-segregation demonstrations April state troopers sent to city at “ Bull ’ s ” request

April 12 - Good Friday Dr. King leads a prayer march downtown to protest segregation laws in public places. King is arrested and put in solitary confinement for the next ten days.

Letter from a Birmingham Jail …local clergymen condemned King for marching on Good Friday. He responds with a moving letter: "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor… For years now, I have heard the word ‘Wait!’... This ‘Wait’ has almost always meant ‘Never.’”

May 2: The Children’s Crusade

May 2: May 2: Children, ages six to eighteen, gathered in Kelly Ingram Park, across from the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church. 1 PM: Fifty children leave the church and head downtown singing "We Shall Overcome." Bull Connor orders their arrests. Another group departs, They too are arrested. Group after group leaves the church. Police stuff protesters in school buses. Three hours later, 959 children pack the jails. and the children shall lead

May 3: May 3: The children march again… “Bull” Connor orders fire hoses turned on the demonstrators. The force of the water, which can strip bark off trees, tore into clothing, battered flesh, and broke bones.

…send in the dogs Bull Connor sends in police dogs to attack the marchers

Ball of Confusion May 6: May 6: Students continue to protest. Attendance drops 90% in some schools. More than 1,000 are arrested. May 7: May 7: People of all ages take to the streets, sitting in at lunch counters, marching, singing and chanting. Police trap 4,000 in Ingram Park and turn the hoses on them. TV cameras capture police brutality.

Bring out the hoses – drown those kids

Finally May 10: May 10: Birmingham businesses, fear damage to downtown and agree to integrate lunch counters and hire more blacks. King announces that all public facilities would immediately desegregate and city officials promise to end discriminatory hiring.