Riding the Airwaves Aviation, the Evolving Requirement John Mettrop Policy Specialist, Spectrum UK Civil Aviation Authority

Aviation, Value to the Economy Current Spectrum Use Constraints on Development Future Evolution/Revolution

Aviation Value to the Economy Commercial Aviation by the Numbers 2012UKEU 28Global No. of Airlines222271,397 No. of Commercial Aircraft1,2614,35825,332 No. of flights1.17 million9.4 million37.4 million No. of Passengers197 million534 million2,970 million No. of jobs (excluding tourism)790,0005,500,00058,100,000 Contribution to GDP£64.5 billion (4%) £438.7 billion (3.7%) £1,600 billion (3.4%) Source: Air Transport Action Group

Aviation Value to the Economy UK Non Commercial Aircraft 212 Private jets 20 Airships 1625 Balloons 2247 Gliders 327 Gyroplanes 1232 Helicopters 4029 Microlights 9989 General aviation fixed wing aircraft

Current Spectrum Use Why is Spectrum Important?

Current Spectrum Use How is it used on an Aircraft? SSR(x2) TCAS RA (x4) SSR (x2) TCAS Weather Radar ADF VOR x2 GPS DME 2 Marker Beacon DME 1 ILS Loc ILS G/S VHF-2SATCOM HF x2 VHF 3 VHF 1 ADF : DME: GPS: G/S: HF: ILS: Automatic Direction Finder Distance Measuring Equipment Global Positioning System Glide Slope High Frequency Instrument Landing System Loc RA: SATCOM: SSR: TCAS: VOR: Localiser Radio Altimeter Satellite Communication Secondary Surveillance Radar Traffic Collision Avoidance System VHF Omni ranging

Current Spectrum Use Types of Radio Services Mobile Service Radiodetermination Amateur Broadcasting Fixed Meteorological aids Standard frequency & time signal Mobile-satellite Radiodetermination-satellite Amateur satellite Broadcasting-satellite Fixed-satellite Earth exploration-satellite Standard frequency & time signal-satellite Inter-satellite Safety Special Space research Radio astronomy Space operation Aeronautical mobile Aeronautical mobile (R) Aeronautical mobile (OR) Land mobile Maritime mobile Port operations Ship movement Radiolocation Radionavigation Aeronautical radionavigation Maritime radionavigation Meteorological-satellite Aeronautical mobile-satellite (R) Aeronautical mobile-satellite Land mobile-satellite Maritime mobile-satellite Radiolocation-satellite Aeronautical radionavigation- satellite Maritime radionavigation-satellite Radionavigation-satellite Aeronautical mobile-satellite (OR)

Current Spectrum Use Global Aeronautical Allocations

Constraints on Development: Regulation  Radio Regulation:  ITU, CEPT, ETSI  Frequency bands  Conditions on use (e.g. spurious, eirp etc)  Level of protection  Aviation Regulation:  ICAO Convention on International Civil Aviation  General Principles  Equipment interoperability  Safety  RTCA/EUROCAE Minimum Operational Performance Standards  SESAR  EASA  CAA

Constraints on Development: ICAO Convention on……  Article 3: Civil and State aircraft  This convention shall be applicable only to civil aircraft and shall not be applicable to state aircraft  Aircraft used in military, customs and police services shall be deemed to be state aircraft  The contracting States undertake, when issuing regulations for their state aircraft, that they will have due regard for the safety of navigation of civil aircraft  Article 5: Rights of non-scheduled flight  Each contracting State agrees that all aircraft of the other contracting States, being aircraft not engaged in scheduled international air services shall have the right, subject to the observance of the terms of this Convention, to make flights into or in transit non-stop across its territory……  Article 22: Facilitation of formalities  Each contracting State agrees to adopt all practicable measures, through the issuance of special regulations or otherwise, to facilitate and expedite navigation by aircraft between the territories of contracting States.  Article 30: Aircraft radio equipment  Aircraft of each contracting State may, in or over the territory of other contracting States, carry radio transmitting apparatus only if a license to install and operate such apparatus has been issued by the appropriate authorities of the State in which the aircraft is registered  Article 37: Adoption of international standards and procedures  Each contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations, standards, procedures, and organisation in relation to aircraft…. In all matters in which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air navigation

Standards Development Spectrum Availability 3-4 years minimum (WRC cycle) ICAO SARPs minimum 5 years RTCA/EUROCAE MOPS 5 years Aircraft Development A380 Concept 1988 Maiden flight 2005 Delivery of the first aircraft 2007 Aircraft Modification 7 year notification period Maintenance cycles A check every 800 flying hours, man hours B Check every 6 months, 150 man hours C Check every 2 years, 1-2 weeks out of service, up to 6000 man-hours D Check every 6 years, 2 months out of service, up to 50,000 man-hours Constraints on Development: Timescales

Remotely Piloted Aircraft Spectrum to support command and non-payload communication Access to additional spectrum ( ≈150 MHz) Wireless Avionics Replacement of wires with radio systems Increased diversity of routing Additional sensors Accommodated in existing aeronautical allocations Wingtip Radar Avoid collisions whilst taxiing Use of automotive radar No additional spectrum requirements Space Planes Virgin Galactic Spectrum requirement being investigated (type, quantity, propagation) Future Evolution/Revolution : Known Developments

Work holistically across in a multidiscipline environment to:- Identify Required Future Global ATM System (2060 and beyond) Requires Minimum Equipment Fit Rationalising Systems where Possible Workable Transition Plan that is Adhered to Justified Protection Criteria Can be Globally Harmonised and Implemented Benefits Aviation Controls its own Destiny Possible Release of Spectrum Reduced Equipage in the Air and on the Ground Less fuel burn Reduced CO 2 emissions/maintenance/AIP/etc ? Future Evolution/Revolution : Evolution/Revolution

Definition of Radio Frequency Management: “Radio frequency management is done by experts who meld years of experience with a curious blend of regulation, electronics, politics and not a little bit of larceny. They justify requirements, horse trade, coerce, bluff and gamble with an intuition that cannot be taught other than by long experience” Vice Admiral Jon L. Boyes U.S. Navy