USAID GLOBAL HEALTH BUREAU July 21, 2016 Presenter: Peter Chandonait, Director of Environmental Compliance and Safety

 17 PMI focus countries  > 4m structures sprayed in 2015  16 m people protected

 Organophosphates first used in Ghana CHALLENGES:  833mL plastic bottles vs. sachets for pyrethroids and carbamates  Storage and disposal issues (size)  Potential for inappropriate reuse of bottles  Incineration not ideal; plus availability and performance issues

 Identified Cyclus Plastics and Recycling Ltd (Ghana EPA certified company)  Bottles are washed, crushed and pelletized  Pelletized plastic is raw material for pavement blocks and dust bins  Waste water is discharged into a soak pit with charcoal adsorbent

 PMI AIRS Recycling Video PMI AIRS Recycling Video

Year No. of plastic bottles Mode of disposal Waste management company Final product ,086RecyclingCyclus Pavement blocks ,284RecyclingCyclus Pavement blocks ,948RecyclingCyclusDust bins ,314RecyclingCyclusDust bins Total166,632Bottles recycled

Sample Type Pirimiphos methyl (mg/kg) Sample 1Sample 2 Shredded Pelleted Pavement ControlNot detected0.02 GHANA STANDARDS AUTHORITY

Commodity MRL Year of Adoption Milks 0.01 mg/Kg2005 Meat (from mammals other than marine mammals) 0.01 mg/Kg2005 Poultry meat 0.01 mg/Kg2005 Eggs 0.01 mg/Kg2005 Spices, Fruits and Berries 0.5 mg/Kg2005 Spices, Seeds 3 mg/Kg2005 Cereal grains 7 mg/Kg2005 Wheat bran, Unprocessed 15 mg/Kg2005 Maximum Residue Limits for Pirimiphos-Methyl

YearBottlesDisposal Mode CompanyFinal Product ,180RecycleDCAM/ BethesdaPavement blocks ,202RecycleDCAM/ BethesdaPavement blocks ,664RecycleDCAM/ Bethesda ,632RecycleDCAM/BethesdaPavement blocks Total155,678Bottles recycled

Year Material Quantity Mode of disposal Final product 2015Bottles 80,840 bottles RecycleShoe Soles 2015Cartons10,056* + 6,587 kg. RecyclePaper and boxes

Type of WasteQuantityInitial PreparationFinal ProductDestination Empty OP bottles , – 74,000 Shredding and baling at Go-Green Harare Irrigation pipes and refuse bins South Africa Non-contaminated cardboard boxes ,083 kg – 5,017 kg. Packaging boxes

 AIRS Rwanda has partnered with Cards from Africa  Workers are all head-of-household orphans  Recycle cardboard boxes into hand-made greeting cards  Cards are sold on-line in the US and Europe   1,030 boxes recycled in 2015

 Recycled > 1MM bottles (~103,000 kg plastic) in 9 countries since 2012  Estimated avoidance of 316,410 kg of carbon dioxide emissions versus incineration  Also recycled >32,000 kg. of cardboard  Produced usable products in resource-poor countries  Promoted sustainability and supported green industries

 Cost of transportation of solid waste  Companies are not always stable/reliable  Some companies collaborate free of charge, others request payment  Some countries request residual pirimiphos- methyl testing of finished product

 Recycling is not always easy or straightforward  Availability of facilities varies greatly by country  Data is shared across countries to promote recycling  Good opportunity to introduce/promote environmental consciousness/sustainability

Thank you!