Metabolism - Chapter 5 5 tasks: 1.Bringing nutrients into the cell 2.Breakdown nutrients into useable forms - catabolism 3.Make the building blocks the cell needs - biosynthesis 4.Make the building blocks into macromolecules - anabolism 5.Make new / replace cell parts
Getting molecules into the cell
Membrane transport
Getting molecules into the cell - group translocation
Metabolism = sum of catabolic and anabolic
Biosynthesis: take monomers
Make macromolecules
Biosynthesis of macromolecules: Dehydration synthesis ATP
Synthesis of macromolecules monomerpolymertype of bond
Catabolic pathways
Catabolic pathways: Glycolysis
Catabolic pathways: TCA cycle
Catabolic pathways: Pentose Phosphate Pathway
We still need more ATP for the cell
Generate energy through chemiosmosis and electron transport
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Microbial Fermentation
Comparison
Who lives where? strict aerobe strict anaerobe aerotolerant anaerobe facultative anaerobe mircoraerophile
Nutritional classes of microorganisms Heterotrophs Autotrophs Chemotrophs Phototrophs
Nutritional classes of microorganisms carbon from CO 2
Autotrophs
Phototrophs
Chemotrophs
Regulation of metabolism Regulation of gene expression Regulation of enzyme activity
Enzymes
Enzymes - allosteric regulators
Enzymes - feedback inhibition
Genetics of Microorganisms Chapter 6
DNA the genetic material of all cells
DNA (a polymer of nucleotides)
Roles of DNA
DNA Replication
DNA replication
DNA Replication
DNA replication
Bacterial chromosomes
Transcription
Translation
3 types of RNA
Translation
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Transcription and Translation happen simultaneously in prokaryotes
What about eukaryotes
Gene Expression
Regulation of genes inducible repressible constitutive
Operons
lac operon
lac operon - off / repressed
lac operon - on / induced
Attenuation - Histidine operon
Attenuation - Tryptophan operon
Cells sense their environment: Two component regulation
The genetics of prokaryotes Genome vs. plasmid
Why do we care about plasmids?
Conjugation
Transformation
Transduction
What about mutations?
What causes mutations?
Mutations can result in …
Looking for mutants in the lab
Screening for potential mutagens: Ames Test
Nosocomial infections and the rise of drug resistance