1 Psychology 305A: Personality Psychology February 25 Lecture 12

1. Three seats remain available in Psychology 417A: Psychology and Developing Societies 2 Accepting applications until March 2. For information, visit: international-service-learning/current-programs/psych- 417-developing-societies/. Announcements

3 2. Exam 1, Question 2 (Versions 1 and 2). An extra point (i.e., 2%) for EVERYONE! The marks will be updated and posted online by the end of the week. Percent of students who responded correctly: 31%

A little R&R …. (Review and Reflect) 4

Psychology According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the major: (c) stages of personality development? (continued) 2. What are the 3 types of anxiety that Freud proposed? 3. According to psychoanalytic theory, what defense mechanisms do we use to cope with anxiety? 4. What therapeutic methods have emerged from psychoanalytic theory? The Psychoanalytic Perspective 5

By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. discuss Freud’s views regarding sex differences in personality development. 1. describe the Stage Theory of Psychosexual Development. 4. distinguish between reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety describe the personality types associated with fixation at distinct stages of psychosexual development. 6

7. identify the therapeutic goal of psychoanalysis discuss the process of dream work. 5. describe and generate examples of defense mechanisms. 8.review the techniques of psychoanalysis. 6. discuss the associations between defense mechanisms and psychological adjustment. 7

Psychology Phallic Stage (continued) 8 According to psychoanalytic theory, what are the major stages of personality development? (continued)

Psychology 3059  Fixation results in poor moral development in males and females.  Freud argued that females are more likely than males to become fixated at this stage.  Fixation occurs if the child is unable to identify with the same-sex parent. 9

Psychology Latency Stage  6 years – puberty.  Erogenous zone: Genital region  Sexual impulses are less pronounced. Children direct energy towards learning and peer group activities.  There are no specific conflicts at this time. This stage is one of relative calm, with little psychological growth. 10

Psychology Genital Stage  Puberty – adulthood.  Erogenous zone: Genital region  There are no specific conflicts. Freud described this stage as an ideal, as the stage of “psychosexual maturity.”  Sexual impulses are largely expressed through mutually gratifying sexual interactions with other individuals. 11

Psychology What are the 3 types of anxiety that Freud proposed? Freud described anxiety as an “objectless” fear—that is, as a fear that often does not have an apparent cause. 12 He proposed 3 types of anxiety:

Psychology Reality Anxiety  “Objective” anxiety.  A fear of tangible, “real” dangers. 13  Reflects conflict between the ego and constraints of external reality.

Psychology Neurotic Anxiety  A fear of being punished for the expression of id impulses.  Reflects conflict between the id and ego.  Stems from childhood experiences of punishment for the expression of id impulses. 14

Psychology Moral Anxiety  A fear of one’s conscience (i.e., retaliation by the superego).  Reflects conflict between the ego and superego.  Subjectively experienced as guilt or shame. 15

Psychology Anxiety suggests that the ego is under threat. The ego may: (a) remove itself from the threatening situation, (b) inhibit the expression of id impulses, and/or (c) adhere to the moral codes of the conscience. Alternatively, if rational strategies are not feasible, the ego may use irrational strategies or defense mechanisms. 16

Psychology According to psychoanalytic theory, what defense mechanisms do we use to cope with anxiety? Defense mechanisms: 1. Involve the distortion of reality. 2. Operate in the unconscious mind. 17

Defense Mechanism DescriptionExample DenialRefuse to acknowledge threatening information.Failure to acknowledge evidence linking smoking to mortality. RepressionShift threatening information to the unconscious; “motivated forgetting.” Lack of memory of childhood sexual abuse. ProjectionAttribute a threatening characteristic in oneself to other people. Paranoid personality disorder. RationalizationCreate a seemingly logical explanation for shameful behaviour. Justification for tax evasion. IntellectualizationThink about threatening information in a cold, analytical manner; “isolation of affect.” Development of military strategy. DisplacementRedirect a threatening impulse to a relatively safe target. Child abuse. Reaction Formation* React in a manner that is the opposite of a threatening impulse; often exaggerated in form. Homophobia. Regression*Use of an immature pattern of gratification/coping.Overeating in response to stress. SublimationExpress a threatening impulse through a “noble” action. The work of a surgeon. 18 * Not discussed in Carver and Scheier (2012). Common Defense Mechanisms

Your Questionnaire: The Life Styles Index Conte & Apter, 1995; Offer et al., 2000; Plutchik et al., 1979; Tori & Emavarchana, 1998 Score 1:Denial score Score 2:Regression score Score 3:Intellectualization score Score 4: Score 5: Score 6: Score 7: Reaction formation score Repression score Projection score Displacement score 19

DEFENSE MECHANISM MAXIMUM POSSIBLE SCORE MEAN FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS MEAN FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA p VALUE Denial <.01 Regression ns Intellectualization <.001 Reaction Formation <.001 Repression <.001 Projection <.01 Displacement <.05 Mean Score for Each Defense Mechanism: College Students Compared with Schizophrenics 20

DEFENSE MECHANISM CORRELATION WITH SELF- ESTEEM a CORRELATION WITH ANXIETY b Denial Regression Intellectualization Reaction Formation Repression Projection Displacement Correlations of Ego Defenses with Self-Esteem and Anxiety a Tennessee Self Concept Scale; b Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale 21

Psychology What therapeutic methods have emerged from psychoanalytic theory? Freud proposed a method to “restructure” personality: Psychoanalysis Goal: To bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness (i.e., insight). Two techniques: 22

Psychology (a)Free association  The patient says, without hesitation, whatever comes to mind.  “Daydreaming out loud.” 23

Psychology Freud (1913, 1958) instructed his patients as follows: “ You will notice that as you relate things various thoughts will occur to you which you would like to put aside on the grounds of certain criticisms and objections. You will be tempted to say to yourself that this or that is irrelevant here, or is quite unimportant, or nonsensical, so that there is no need to say it. You must never give in to these criticisms, but must say it in spite of them— indeed, you must say it precisely because you feel an aversion to doing so …. Finally, never forget that you have promised to be absolutely honest, and never leave anything out because, for some reason or other, it is unpleasant to tell it.” 24 Resistance

Psychology  An analyst must interpret the material provided by the patient to identify unconscious conflicts.  Once identified, the analyst reveals the unconscious conflicts to the patient, allowing him/her to resolve it. 25

Psychology (b) Dream analysis  The patient recounts her/his dreams through free association.  Manifest content: Narrative of the dream that is consciously remembered. Latent content: Memories, fantasies, forgotten events, unconscious conflicts that give rise to manifest content. 26

Psychology  Latent content is transformed to manifest content through “dream work.”  Mechanisms involved in dream work: 27

Psychology Condensation: The unconscious compresses several latent elements into a single manifest image. Displacement: The unconscious shifts emphasis away from an important but threatening image to a relatively safe image. E.g., Power and hostility are represented by an ax. E.g., An abusive father is represented as an old and frail man. 28

Psychology Symbolism: The unconscious uses a common and acceptable image to symbolize an unacceptable latent element. Secondary revision: The unconscious synthesizes the disjointed images that have been created through condensation, displacement, and symbolism into a coherent story (e.g., by adding a setting or plot) E.g., A vagina is represented as a hollow box. 29

Psychology  An analyst must interpret the manifest content to identify unconscious conflicts.  Once identified, the analyst reveals the unconscious conflicts to the patient, allowing her/him to resolve it. 30

By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. discuss Freud’s views regarding sex differences in personality development. 1. describe the Stage Theory of Psychosexual Development. 4. distinguish between reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety describe the personality types associated with fixation at distinct stages of psychosexual development. 31

7. identify the therapeutic goal of psychoanalysis discuss the process of dream work. 5. describe and generate examples of defense mechanisms. 8.review the techniques of psychoanalysis. 6. discuss the associations between defense mechanisms and psychological adjustment. 32