The Psychoanalytic Approach

Freud’s Theories: 1.Emphasize unconscious motivation 2.Are based on clinical, not experimental research 3.Emphasize that adult behavior is shaped by Childhood experience 4.Follow the law of Conservation of Energy 5. Are rooted in human biology and emphasize coping with sexual impulses

Personality Structure

Personality Dynamics - Desires of the id are often in conflict with society -- Superego (internalized societal norms) responds to conflicts by causing shame, guilt and anxiety -- Ego tries to find an acceptable resolution to the conflict - If the ego is unsuccessful, it will defend itself by repressing the conflict -- This unconscious conflict will continue to influence behavior…

Psychosexual Development ► Oral Stage – (0-18 months) ► Source of Pleasure – Mouth ► 1 st external control over the ID (weaning) ► “You can’t always get what you want”

Psychosexual (continued) ► Anal Stage – (2-4 yrs) ► Source of Pleasure – Anus ► 1 st time a child must exert self-control over the ID ► “Self-Control”

Psychosexual (continued) ► Phallic Stage - (4-6 yrs) ► Source of Pleasure – One’s own Genitals ► Oedipal/Electra Conflict –internalizes the values of the same sex parent. Superego is formed. ► “Conscience”

Psychosexual (continued) ► Latency Stage – (6-12 yrs) ► Source of Pleasure – nothing ► No internal Conflict ► Learning/Skills/Peers

Psychosexual (continued) ► Genital Stage –(12 yrs and on) ► Source of Pleasure – Genitals of Mate ► Forming intimate relationships with a potential mate.

► Free association – technique that revealed the operation of unconscious process ► Dream Analysis – interpret dreams, unconscious connection ► Case Study – in depth look at one individual

Levels of Consciousness ► Consciousness : awareness ► Pre- Consciousness : not in your current awareness but you can access it. ► Unconsciousness : unaware, not able to access, repressed anxiety, fears, and conflict.

Ego Defense Mechanisms Ego defense mechanisms allow the ego to escape the shame, guilt and anxiety of repressed conflicts while permitting them to be expressed through behavior (in a disguised form).

The most fundamental defense mechanism, anxiety-producing conflicts are forced out of awareness and into the unconscious mind.

The refusal to acknowledge the existence of anxiety-producing conflicts and desires.

Anxiety-producing emotions are expressed toward a less-threatening object.

Perceiving one’s own anxiety-producing behaviors as coming from others.

Unconsciously replacing an anxiety- producing emotion with its opposite.

► Objective: SWBAT describe the ego defense mechanism, Jung’s theory of personality, and Adler’s theory. ► Agenda: Powerpoint, discussion and examples ► Closure: Q & A

Converting a socially intolerable impulse into an acceptable form.

► Intellectualization –Ignoring painful emotions by thinking in abstract, words, or ideas

substituting socially acceptable reasons.

► Regression – responding to a threatening situation in a way that was appropriate in an earlier age.

…or get expressed in our dreams... Freud believed that dreams are the “window into the unconscious” Dream images are disguised forms of our unconscious conflicts, fears, desires and anxieties

…or even the Freudian Slip…

A meaningful slip of the tongue. Although the speaker means to say one thing, the slip betrays the presence of an unconscious thought.

Other Psychodynamic Theorists ► Carl Jung ► Personal Unconscious – contains personal experience that were once conscious but now, through repression, suppression, or decay are unconscious – theme called complexes which are strong enough to dominate your personality ► Collective Unconscious – the most powerful and influence part of the personality, it is the residue of human evolution, accumulates as a consequence of certain shared and repeated experiences over many years

Psychodynamic Theorists ► Archetypes – the collective unconscious expresses itself in archetypes – universal thoughts or images with a strong emotional element: examples – mother, father, sun-god, power, energy, hero, demon examples – mother, father, sun-god, power, energy, hero, demon ► Introversion/Extroversion – 1. Thinking – intellectual 1. Thinking – intellectual 2. Feeling – Evaluative, assigning value 2. Feeling – Evaluative, assigning value 3. Sensing – Concrete perception (reality) 3. Sensing – Concrete perception (reality) 4. Intuition – sensing deeper meaning (abstract perception- mystical) 4. Intuition – sensing deeper meaning (abstract perception- mystical)

Other Psychodynamic Theorists ► According to Jung there will be a superior function which is most developed and inferior function. These functions to not operate in isolation, they interact with each other, compensating, opposing or uniting. ► Myers-Briggs personality test based on Jung’s theory ► Extraversion - Introversion ► Sensing - Intuition ► Thinking - Feeling ► Judging - Perceiving

Archetypes ► Anima: the female archetype for man ► Animus: the male archetype in females ► Persona: The public personality (mask in public) problems arise when you over identify with persona and lose your true self ► Shadow: the animal instinct (demon or enemy or idea of original sin) ► Self: Striving for unity (mid-point of personality that holds the other archetypes together providing balance)

Other Psychodynamic Theorists ► Alfred Adler  Individual Psychology ► Striving for superiority – “perfect completion” not social distinction ► Inferiority complex – sense of incompletion or imperfection in any sphere of life, it is the great driving force in life and propels us forward in development - children's feelings of inferiority, which suggested that Freud's sexual notions be taken more metaphorically than literally. ► Compensation – is the process of overcoming these feelings of inferiority

Alfred Adler ► Fictional finalism - Many people behave as if there were a heaven or a hell in their personal future. Of course, there may be a heaven or a hell, but most of us don't think of this as a proven fact. That makes it a "fiction" in Adler's sense of the word. And finalism refers to the teleology of it: The fiction lies in the future, and yet influences our behavior today

Alfred Adler ► Fictional Finalism ► Striving for Superiority ► Inferiority Feelings ► Social Interests ► Style of Life ► Creative Self

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Dev. Erikson argues that we all face many “crises” as we mature and people expect more from us.Erikson argues that we all face many “crises” as we mature and people expect more from us. Although Erikson recognizes the child’s sexual and aggressive urges, he believes that the need for social approval is just as important.Although Erikson recognizes the child’s sexual and aggressive urges, he believes that the need for social approval is just as important.

Erikson’s Stages

Other Psychodynamic Theorists ► Karen Horney ( ) - Basic Anxiety – a child feels because he/she is helpless - Basic Anxiety – a child feels because he/she is helpless - Basic Hostility – a resentment of one’s parents that generally accompanies this anxiety. - Basic Hostility – a resentment of one’s parents that generally accompanies this anxiety. ► She believed a child could avoid Freud’s psychosexual parent-child conflict if they were raised in a loving and secure atmosphere. ► Developed 10 needs that either Move towards people, Move away from people, or move against people.

Karen Horney ► Certain needs develop as a result of the effort to cope with basic anxiety: Affection/approval, A partner who will control one’s life, To restrict one’s life within narrow boundaries, Power, Exploit others, Prestige, Personal admiration, personal achievement, Self-sufficiency, Independence, Perfection, Unassailability ► These needs often conflict and cause inner conflict. They are irrational solutions to Basic Anxiety and account for personality difficulties