Teaching Ethical Leadership from an Organizational Systems Perspective by Alex Heckman

Current Focus Unit of Analysis: Individual professional Context: Reaction to specific individual dilemmas Approach: Individual decision making analysis Systems Focus Unit of Analysis: Organization Context: Proactive efforts to create ethical culture Approach: Leadership systems analysis

Organization Ethics Triangle Adapted from Padilla, A., Hogan R., & R. B. (2007). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers, & conducive environments. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 180.

Ethical Leadership 1. Recognition 2 2.Action 2

Events Patterns of Behavior Underlying Structure Mental Models

Strategy: Ethics Audit Image Source: Organizational Development Organizational Assessment Risk Analysis Partnerships & Differentiators

Structure Image Source:

Systems Policies and Procedures Image Source:

Staffing Image Source:

Skills Image Source:

FORMAL SYSTEMS INFORMAL SYSTEMS Rules/Policies Rules/Policies Reward Systems Reward Systems Selection Systems Selection Systems Orientation & Training Orientation & Training Decision Processes Decision Processes Informal Norms InteractionsRituals Myths & Stories Language Source: Ethical Leadership: Creating An Ethical Culture by Linda K. Trevino, EthicalCulture Shared Values

Image Source: Style of Leadership

Ethical Leadership Resources Ethics of Care (n. d.), Kidder, R. M. (2009). How Good People Make Tough Choices. New York, NY: HarperCollins. Leigh, A. (2013). Ethical Leadership: Creating Ethical Organizations Markkula Center for Applied Ethics: Miller, K. (2010). We Don’t Make Widgets. Washington DC: e.Republic Inc. Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York, NY: Doubleday. Waters Foundation (n.d.) The habits of a systems thinker handout. Retrieved from Whitbeck, C. (1996). Ethics as design: Doing justice to moral problems. Hastings Center Report, 26(3). Pages 9-16.Ethics as design: Doing justice to moral problems.

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ManagerialPoliticalLegal EfficiencyResponsivenessDue Process Effectiveness RepresentativenessIndividual Rights Public Accountability Equity Values Source: David Rosenbloom, 1983

Code of Ethics 1.Advance the Public Interest Promote the interests of the public and put service to the public above service to oneself. 2.Uphold the Constitution and the Law Respect and support government constitutions and laws, while seeking to improve laws and policies to promote the public good. 3. Promote Democratic Participation Inform the public and encourage active engagement in governance. Be open, transparent and responsive, and respect and assist all persons in their dealings with public organizations.

Code of Ethics 4.Strengthen Social Equity Treat all persons with fairness, justice, and equality and respect individual differences, rights, and freedoms. Promote affirmative action and other initiatives to reduce unfairness, injustice, and inequality in society. 5.Fully Inform and Advise Provide accurate, honest, comprehensive, and timely information and advice to elected and appointed officials and governing board members, and to staff members in your organization.

Code of Ethics 6.Demonstrate personal integrity Adhere to the highest standards of conduct to inspire public confidence and trust in public service. 7.Promote Ethical Organizations Strive to attain the highest standards of ethics, stewardship, and public service in organizations that serve the public. 8.Advance Professional Excellence Strengthen personal capabilities to act competently and ethically and encourage the professional development of others.

Alex Heckman Chair, Department of Public Administration Chair, Public Administration Programs Franklin University What Should We Teach Students about Ethical Leadership

What are Ethics and How Should We Teach What are Ethics and How Should We Teach Them? 1. Personal Recognition 2. Personal Action 1. Organizational Recognition 2. Systemic Action

Ethical Approaches Outcome Focused Rules-Based Character Focused Care-Based Source: Adapted from Kidder (2006)

Ethical Leadership What does it mean to be an ethical leader in an organization? "We tend to seek easy, single-factor explanations of success. For most important things, though, success actually requires avoiding the many separate causes of failure" - Jared Diamond

Adapted from: Ethical Leadership: Creating An Ethical Culture by Linda K. Trevino, s Weak Strong Weak Personal Ethics Leadership Ethics Hypocritical Leader Ethical Leader Unethical Leader Ethical Non-Leader

Ethical Dilemmas Truth vs. Loyalty Individual vs. Community Short Term vs. Long Term Justice vs. Mercy Source: Adapted from Kidder (2006)

Laws ETHICAL GPS Organizational Values Organizational Policies Ethical Principles

Nature of Ethical Decisions Source: Adapted from Kidder (2006) Internal Focus External Focus Right vs. Wrong Organizational & Professional Standards Laws & Community Standards Right vs. Right Professional Judgment Stakeholder Judgment