AP Biology Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES Elements  Carbon  Hydrogen  Oxygen  (2 hydrogen:1 oxygen) Subunit  Monosaccharide NOTE: Ring Shape!

AP Biology OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Carbohydrates energy molecules

AP Biology Carbohydrates What process produces them originally? Photosynthesis! Yum! glucose

AP Biology Carbon/Oxygen Cycle

AP Biology CARBOHYDRATES Mono/disaccharides  Glucose  Fructose  Lactose  Maltose  Sucrose Polysaccharides  Starch  Chitin  Glycogen  Cellulose (-ose ending)

AP Biology Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide

AP Biology Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6  Function:  energy u energy storage  raw materials u structural materials  Monomer: sugars  ex: sugars, starches, cellulose sugar

AP Biology Sugars  Most names for sugars end in -ose  Classified by number of carbons  6C = hexose (glucose)  5C = pentose (ribose)  3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose H OH HO O H H H Ribose CH 2 OH Glyceraldehyde H H H H OH O C C C 653

AP Biology Functional groups determine function carbonyl ketone aldehyde carbonyl

AP Biology Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Carbons are numbered Where do you find solutions? In cells!

AP Biology Numbered carbons C CC C C C 1' 2'3' 4' 5' 6' O energy stored in C-C bonds

AP Biology Simple & complex sugars  Monosaccharides  simple 1 monomer sugars  glucose  Disaccharides  2 monomers  sucrose  Polysaccharides  large polymers  starch OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose

AP Biology Explain: a) process b) reactants c) products d) molecule removed

AP Biology Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis glycosidic linkage | glucose | glucose monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose

AP Biology Building sugars  Synthesis | fructose | glucose monosaccharides | sucrose (table sugar) disaccharide The blue m&m’s are the best!

AP Biology Polysaccharides  Polymers of sugars  costs little energy to build  easily reversible = release energy  Function:  energy storage  starch (plants)  glycogen (animals)  structure = building materials  cellulose (plants)  chitin (arthropods & fungi)

AP Biology Linear vs. branched polysaccharides starch (plant) glycogen (animal) energy storage What does branching do? Let’s go to the videotape!

AP Biology Polysaccharide diversity  Molecular structure determines function  isomers of glucose  structure determines function… in starchin cellulose

AP Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest enzyme cellulose hard to digest

AP Biology Cellulose  Most abundant organic compound on Earth  herbivores can digest cellulose  most carnivores cannot digest cellulose  that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients  cellulose = roughage BIG DEAL! Who can live on this stuff?!

AP Biology Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

AP Biology Helpful bacteria  How can cows digest cellulose?  bacteria live in their gut & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals